psyc assesment final review

Personality trait:

Any distinguishable, relatively enduring way in which

one individual varies from another”

stable

Personality state:

The transient exhibition of some personality trait.

• Relatively temporary or situation-specific.

• E.g., test-anxiety; fear of public speaking; academic self-efficacy

Personality type:

A constellation of traits constituting a category of

personality within a taxonomy of personalities.

• E.g., Friedman & Rosenman defined Type A (competitive, hasty,

restless, impatient) vs. Type B personality (mellow or laid-back)

collection of traits categorized

Personality profile:

An array of personality traits, states, or types.

• Results from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

are frequently discussed as a pattern of scores / personality profile

which traits are high v low

most common test

most common is self report, there can be many errors

3rd party response- someone does it for you basically

Q-sort technique

individual sorts a group of statements,

usually from most to least descriptive.

• Carl Rogers used this technique to identify the discrepancy between

the real self and the ideal self

*Nomothetic approach:

Aims to

learn how a limited number of

personality traits can be applied to

all people (e.g., Big Five)

narrow it down! myers briggs…

*idiographic approach

: Aims to

learn about an individual’s unique

constellation of traits (e.g., case

study

start with the person, lets get as many traits about this person as we can

*normative approach

: Strength

of a trait is interpreted relative

to the comparison sample.

• E.g., Are they more extraverted

than average?

*ipsative approach

Strength of a

trait is interpreted relative to the

strength of other traits in that same

person.

• E.g., Are they more extraverted or

more introverted?

criterion group

A reference group of test takers who share specific

characteristics and whose responses serve as a standard according to

which items will be included or discarded

known to be high used as standard for the scale (depression scale you want someone depressed)

give items to depressed v non-depressed to check validity

mmpi

scale that used criterion groups

empirical keying got samples to make items on different scales

mmpi validity scales

L scale, F scale, K scale

they’re built in to detect lying

interpret mmpi scores

look at full profile results

Projective hypothesis -

 ex. inkblot test they project themselves into a stimulus usually reveals something about them

unstructured ambiguous stimuli

Rorschach inkblots

present cards ask them about what they see

Unstructured until John E. Exner brought uniformity and data and scoring guide to make sense

Thematic apperception test TAT

 30 pictures classical human situations- test of imagination to develop score give us all the details of a creative story (reflects the way they see a lot of things)

Hand test-

what are the hands doing?

Rosenzweig picture

frustration study cartoons depicting frustrating situations tells us about the person

Word association

should tell us about them/or you can also give a sentence completion test

B.f. skinner

- behaviorist but made a personality test early on for verbal/auditory tests

failed….

Figure drawing test for kids -

house tree person family 2 people etc.

time follow back

Behavioral method is a look back retrospectively over a month (drinking)

Behavioral observation

- directly

Analog

  Variables are similar/analogous to the real variable.

• Analog behavioral observation - Observation in an artificial (lab) setting

Apperceptive Personality Test

projective consists of eight stimulus cards that depict

diverse people in everyday settings.

• Test-takers need to respond to a series of multiple-choice questions after

telling a story, either orally or in writing, about each of the picture

Situational performance measure

Observation under a standard

set of circumstances (e.g., a driving test).

Psychophysiological methods

heart rate, breathing, muscle tension

clinical assessments

might have to estimate premorbid functioning

clinical-diagnosis and treatment of psychopathology.

DSM (SCID),

aim to diagnose

disorders based on the American Psychiatric

Association's Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders (DSM)

do they need help

what percent of population has a disorder, look at influx of new cases (like after covid/stressors)

Interview in Clinical Assessment

or intake appointment helps:

• To arrive at a diagnosis.

• To determine areas to address in therapy, set goals, & discuss the

roles of therapist & client.

• To determine whether an individual is at risk of harming self/others.

• To guide decisions about additional assessment needed

why are they there, treatment, diagnosed previously, substances, histoies

The Etiology of Mental Disorders

We try to comprehensively assess the etiology (causes) of a condition.

Biopsychosocial assessment explores biological, psychological, and social variables that may have contributed to (or helped maintain) the presenting problem. (triggers)

• E.g., Genetic risk, quirky personality, a stressful situation, and low

social support preceding an initial episode of schizophrenia.

Mental status examination

quick screen for intellectual, emotional, and neurological deficits; similar to a physical exam by a physician. Addresses things like:

• Behavior

• memory

• Orientation to time/place

• State of consciousness

NOT TO DIAGNOS

we watched a youtube vid of this in class w the girl

to ensure Scales valid-

might involve others to get a comprehensive view of what's going on

Brief screening measures

not diagnosing just Symptomology- week-to-week

bdi, phq, hamilton etc.

recognize as screeners

Alcohol and drug use

cage (cut, annoyed, guilt, eye opener etc.)

The audit 

Forensic psych

a lot different- danger to self and others, competence to stand trial, qualify for insanity act, custody, parole etc.
unique traits being assessed, Write it all up in a psychological report

neurology v. neuropsychology

neurology is field of medicine (nervous system)

neuropsychology how we asses the brain linked to behavior

contralateral control

one side of brain is taking sensory info from the other side and taking motor control of that side

neuropsychological assessment-

extent of impairment due to disorder or injury

think of how brain can adapt event after damage

• Think of Phineas Gage.

• Think of split-brain patients.

• Think of HM.

When is a neuropsychological evaluation indicated?

A patient may be referred directly to a neuropsychologist if there’s a Hard sign: An indicator of definite neurological deficit, e.g., brain

damage shown by neuroimaging (physical) or struggling with skills

Conditions a neuropsychologist evaluates

• Stroke.

• Traumatic Brain Injury.

• Brain tumor.

• Concussion.

• Infection (e.g., HIV/AIDS).

• Epilepsy.

• Hydrocephaly.

• Alzheimer’s Disease.

• Parkinson’s Disease.

• Other dementias (e.g., Frontotemporal).

• ADHD, learning disorders.

Tasks of Neuropsychological Evaluation

Trying to understand nature of deficit (are they having issues because of organic problem or psychological factor)

Trying to understand function of brain based on ability (lots of testing)

Whether they met developmental milestones or not

Functioning, education, job etc.

other things examined

Brief physical examination (muscle, walking, sensory)

(Example of neuropsychology is Parkinson's disease and motor impairments with cognitive deficits and depression)

Neuropsychologists give iq tests ( WAIS) and abstract tests

**RECOGNIZE THESE Tests of executive function (tower of Hanoi, trail-making test, Wisconsin card sort)

Neuropsychological Tests: Perception & Motor Function

Perceptual test: used to evaluate sensory/ perceptual function.

• E.g., Color blindness, auditory tests.

Motor test: used to evaluate mobility.

• Grip strength; gloved pegboard.

Perceptual-motor test: used to evaluate the integration of perceptual &

motor skills.

• Jigsaw puzzles.

• Figure copying.

aphasia

(loss of spoken or understood language

due to a neurological deficit).

Tests of memory

popular memory battery: Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS).

• The California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) uses word learning lists.

• Memory tests are varied and can be as specific as story memory and

facial memory

interest inventory

interest is one variable closely related to job fulfillment & success

RIASEC model is one influential model of vocational interests (took this in class)

Ability and aptitude tests

certain jobs require certain skills

Myers Briggs

 differentiate on 4 dimensions (Extroversion/Introversion etc…)

Attempts to make honesty test but they haven't taken off they're hard to validate

organizational culture

what it feels like to be in the job

warning- i gave up on chapter 15 bc it was all basically common sense, so read the slides!

good luck