Introductory Chemistry: Atomic Structure and Bonding

This set of flashcards covers foundational chemistry concepts including subatomic particles, atomic notation, isotopes, ionisation energy, and internal bonding types (Ionic, Metallic, and Covalent).

Protons ($p^+$)

Subatomic particles with a charge of $+1$; the number of protons defines the identity of the atom (e.g., $Na$ has $11$).

Neutrons ($N^0$)

Neutral subatomic particles with a charge of $0$ that, when added to the number of protons ($p^+ + N^0$), determine the mass of the atom.

Electrons ($e^-$)

Subatomic particles with a charge of $-1$; in a neutral atom, the number of protons equals the number of electrons ($p^+ = e^-$).

Mass

The total sum of protons and neutrons ($p^+ + N$) within an atom.

Electronic Configuration

The arrangement of electrons in energy levels; for example, Sodium ($Na$) is $(2, 8, 1)$.

Valance Electrons

The electrons located in the outermost energy level; elements in Group 1 have $1$ valance $e^-$.

Period

A row in the periodic table that indicates the number of energy levels; for example, Period 3 elements have $3$ energy levels.

Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)

The average mass of an element calculated from its isotopes; for example, Chlorine has an average mass of $35.5$.

Ions

Charged atoms that result from the process of gaining or losing electrons ($e^-$).

Ionisation Energy (I.E.)

The energy required to remove a valance electron ($e^-$); it is affected by factors like the number of protons, atomic radius, and shielding.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed between a metal ($M$) and a non-metal ($NON$) creating a solid lattice; it conducts electricity if dissolved but not as a solid (e.g., $NaCl$).

Metalic Bond

A bond between metals ($M + M$) involving a solid lattice with a 'negative sea' of electrons that allows for conductivity.

Covalent Bond

A bond between two non-metals ($NON + NON$) that can exist as gas or liquid, characterized by weak intermolecular (I.M.) forces and no electrical conductivity (e.g., $H_2$, $CO_2$).