Biology 111 Test 3 (Heather Birdsong)

What form of horizontal gene transfer involves bacteria forming a bridge between cells through which they transfer DNA to each other?

Conjugation

Which supergroup of protists is characterized by moving using pseudopodia and includes slime molds as members?

Amoebozoa

In what way can the protists be described as a PARAphyletic group?

Some descendants of protists are not considered protists

During the life cycle of malaria causing Plasmodium Falciparum, where does sexual reproduction occur?

In the gut of the mosquito

Which of these adaptions do protists share with bacteria?

Sexual Reproduction

Flagella

Multicellularity

Cellulose

Flagella

A sphere shaped bacteria found on human skin that can become pathogenic if it enters a wound

Staphlococcus aureus (staph infection)

How can prokaryotic species gain genetic diversity?

Transferring plasmids between individuals

Which photosynthetic protist group reproduces by mitosis until their silica shells become too small, at which point they produce sperm and eggs that create a large zygote?

Diatoms

Which are the only prokaryotes that generate oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis?

Cyanobacteria

Which are the type of archaea that live in high temperature environments?

Thermophiles

What form of horizontal gene transfer occurs when a bacterium overcomes a viral infection and gains new genetic material?

Transduction

Which of these is a beneficial sphere-shaped bacterium that is often used in the production of yogurt?

Lactococcus lactis

Put these organisms in order of when they appear in evolutionary time: (1) birds, (2) insects, (3) vertebrates, (4) mammals

Vertebrates, Insects, Mammals, Birds

How did chloroplasts evolve in protists?

Ingestion and horizontal gene transfer from a cyanobacteria

Which of these adaptions first arose in protists?

Multicellularity

Flagella

Asexual reproduction

Cell walls

Multicellularity

In what way can the protists be described as a POLYphyletic group?

Some protists don't share the same ancestor

A harmful comma-shaped bacteria that causes a deadly gastrointestinal disease

Vibrio cholerae

Which are the type of archaea that live in high salinity environments?

Halophiles

Which characteristics distinguish Gram positive bacteria?

A thick layer of peptidoglycan outside the plasma membrane and Crystal violet stain is retained

What is a characteristic shared by all prokaryotes?

Binary Fission

Which characteristics distinguish Gram negative bacteria?

Crystal violet stain easily washes away leaving behind the red and a thin layer of peptidoglycan between two plasma membrane

Some unicellular protists and all fungi display a zygotic life cycle. What chromosome state do they have before sexual reproduction?

They are haploid

Which supergroup of protists is characterized by a single posterior flagellum on swimming cells, and from which animals and fungi descended?

Opisthokonta

What form of horizontal gene transfer occurs when a bacterium picks up DNA fragments from the environment and incorporates them into its genome?

Transformation

What is the habitat classification of unicellular protists that are swimming or floating in aquatic habitats?

Plankton

Their unique cell membrane lipid and protein structures help Archaea survive in what types of environments?

High Salinity, Extreme Heat and Extreme Cold

Which is a positive impact of bacteria on day-to-day life?

Lactic acid fermentation

Nitrogen fixation

Bioremediation

All of these

What evidence supports the theory of endosymbiosis?

Mitochondria divide in a similar way to some prokaryotes

What characteristic is not shared by bacteria and archaea?

Ether linked plasma membranes

Which protist group is characterized by sac-like vacuoles in the cell periphery and toxins that can be dangerous to humans during red tide events?

Dinoflagellates

According to the experiment by Marquez and associates in your book on coping with heat stress in plants that have symbiotic associations, which group of plants were best able to survive high heat conditions?

Plants grown with a fungal symbiont that is also infected with a beneficial virus

Which is a characteristic that distinguishes fungi from their protist ancestor?

Chitin in their cell walls

Why was lignin such an important adaptation for plants?

It helped them get tall

What is the dominant portion of the life-cycle for Bryophytes?

Gametophyte Generation

Which group of fungi produce aboveground fruiting bodies known as mushrooms?

Basidiomycetes

What type of flowers are produced by Angiosperms that rely on birds for pollination?

Brightly colored flowers with very little odor

What is the dominant portion of the life cycle for flowering plants?

Sporophyte Generation

Which group of fungi have formed such a close symbiotic relationship with plants, that they can no longer break down plant cell walls

AM Fungi

Which structure provides nutrients and protects the embryos of some plants from drying out?

Seeds

What process helps hyphal tips grow quickly when resources are plentiful?

Osmosis drawing water into the concentrated cytoplasm of the hyphal tip

When bread mold reproduces sexually, the fused zygosporangia will go through karyogamy when conditions are right. What is karyogamy?

The fusion of haploid nuclei into a diploid nucleus

What is karyogamy?

The fusion of haploid nuclei into a diploid nucleus

Which plant structure often helps entice animals to aid dispersal of pollen and thereby increase the chances of fertilization?

Flowers

What are the thin fibers that make up most of the body of a multicellular fungus?

Hyphate

In the experiment on gut microbiomes in mice, how were germ free mice affected by the introduction of fecal samples from healthy children?

Their growth rate increased

Why are plants three-dimensional?

Decreased surface area to volume ratio to decrease water loss

Which is a characteristic that distinguishes most fungi from their protist ancestor?

Asexual reproduction

Osmotrophy

Having a single flagellum

Membrane bound organelles

Osmotrophy

Which group of fungi produce above ground fruiting bodies shaped like cups?

Ascomycetes

Why do Bryophytes need moist conditions to reproduce?

The sperm require water to swim to their eggs

In which plant group would you place a plant that produces seeds with one embryonic leaf, flowers with petals in multiples of three, and a linear vein pattern?

Monocots

Which of these plant groups was the first to evolve a waxy cuticle?

Bryophytes

Why are Gymnosperms better able than more primitive plant groups to reproduce in dry conditions?

They have pollen grains protecting their sperm from drying out

How did early ferns affect earth's climate?

They pulled CO2 out, decreasing temperatures and rainfall

Why did early plants move onto land?

Better access to carbon dioxide and sunlight

Which of these plants is best adapted to cold, dry conditions?

Pine Tree

When bread mold reproduces sexually, the fused zygosporangia will go through karyogamy when conditions are right. What is the chromosomal condition of the cell AFTER karyogamy?

Diploid 2n

Fungal fibers are very thin and have many branches, why is that?

Increased surface area for nutrient absorption

How do fungi gain energy to power their cells?

They secrete digestion enzymes into the soil and then absorb the organic monomers

Which of these traits is unique to all plants?

Photosynthesis

Cell walls strengthened by cellulose

Chlorophyll a

Apical meristem

Apical Meristem

Which is a characteristic that distinguishes fungi from their protist ancestor?

Heterotrophic lifestyle

Chitin in their cell walls

Having a single flagellum

Asexual reproduction

Chitin in their cell walls

Why are apples packed with sugar?

To entice animals for seed dispersal

What is a lichen?

A symbiotic microbiome containing fungi and cyanobacteria or algae

Which of these plant groups was the first to evolve vascular tissue?

Angiosperms

Bryophytes

Gymnosperms

Pteridophytes

Pteridophytes

When the first plants evolved the 'alternation of generations' what was one of the main advantages?

A multi-cellular diploid sporophyte can produce more spores

Which one of these is an adaption that amniotes have for surviving on dry land?

Desiccation proof eggs

Feathers

Lungs

Four Muscular limbs

Desiccation proof eggs

Which of these animals is characterized by deuterostome development, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system controlling tube feet?

Brittle star

Grasshopper

Box jellyfish

Spotted salamander

Brittle Star

What was advantageous about the development of bilateral symmetry?

It allows faster movement through the environment

What adaption has helped complex animals form increasingly complex body plans during development?

Hox Genes

Which of these animal groups have radial symmetry and only 2 tissue layers?

Cnidaria

Which is a derived characteristic that amphibians have in common with Arthropods?

Metamorphosis from larval to adult forms

What trait is found in all mammal groups?

Mammary Glands

What trait is found in all amniotes?

Eggs with amniotic layers that won't dry out

Which mammal group is characterized by placental development, complex social behavior, and grasping hands with opposable thumbs?

Primates

Which of these animals is a lophotrochozoan WITHOUT a complete digestive tract?

Flatworms

Which animal group has bilateral symmetry and 3 tissue layers?

Mollusca

Which fish lineage was the first to develop swim bladders?

Bony Fish

Which of these traits is unique to animals?

Multicellularity

Movement

Nerves and Muscles

Sexual Reproduction

Nerves and Muscles

Which is NOT a factor which may have been triggered by the Cambrian explosion?

The evolution of Hox genes

Predator/prey arms races

Formation of the ozone layer

The evolution of symbiotic relationships

The evolution of symbiotic relationships

Which of these animals can be recognized by its derived feature a very light-honey combined bones?

Pigeon

What is not a characteristic that all chordates share at one point in their life?

Vertebrate

Which of these traits is unique to animals

Collagen

Heterotrophy

Sexual reproduction

Multicellularity

Collagen

Which characteristic is unique to arthropods?

Jointed legs

Which is a characteristic that all chordates share at some point in their development?

Pharyngeal slits

What is ecdysis?

Shedding a hard outer cuticle in order to grow larger

Which of these animals is a gnathostome?

River lamprey

Channel catfish

Gooseneck barnacle

Blue ringed octopus

Channel Catfish

Which group of Arthropods are distinguished by a fused head and thorax, 4 pairs of walking legs, and being mostly terrestrial predators?

Chelicerates

Which is a trait Amphibians developed which helped them colonize the land?

4 Muscular limbs

Which of these animal groups is classified by having embryonic development during which the blastopore first forms the opening that will later become the mouth?

Rotifers

Fill in the important novel characteristics missing from this phylogenetic tree of Chordates:

1) Skull and backbone; 2) Jaws; 3) Four limbs; 4) Amniote eggs

Which derived characteristic is unique to Mollusca?

A mantle that secretes a shell or cuttle

Which of these animals is distinguished from other invertebrates by its true coelom, closed circulatory system and body segments?

Earthworm