MICROPARA LEC UNIT TEST

microbiology

what is the study of microbes?

biology

what is the study of living organisms?

microbiology

it includes the study of certain nonliving entities as well as certain living organisms.

small

what does micro mean

microbes

these are living entities and small organisms.

microscope

it is an instrument used to observe very small objects.

ubiquitous

microbes are said to be everywhere, therefore microbes are ____

acellular microbes

these includes viruses and prions

infectious particles

acellular microbes are also called?

cellular microbes

these includes all bacteria, all archaea, some algae, all protozoa, and some fungi

microorganisms

cellular microbes are also termed ____

pathogens

these are disease-causing microorganisms

infectious agents

pathogens are also referred as

3%

What percentage of known microbes are capable of causing diseases?

nonpathogens

these are microbes that do not cause disease.

microbial allies (nonpathogens)

these are microbes that help us

microbial enemies (pathogens)

these are microbes that harm us

indigenous microflora (indigenous microbiota)

these are species of microbes that live on and in us. for the most part, they are of benefit to us.

opportunistic pathogens

these are microbes that do not cause disease under ordinary conditions, but have the potential to cause disease.

saprophytes

these are microbes that are involved in the decomposition of dead organisms and the waste products of living organisms.

saprophytes

is an organism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter

saprophytes

these aid in in fertilization by returning inorganic nutrients to the soil, they break down dead and dying organic materials.

bioremediation

these is the process of using microbes to clean up pollution

genetic engineering

Production of human insulin using genetically modified bacteria

genetic engineering

a gene or genes from one organism is/are inserted into a bacterial or yeast.

genetically engineered microbes

what is the deliberate alteration of an organism's DNA to produce desired characteristics or products?

microbial ecology

what do you call the study of the relationships between microbes and the environment?

plankton

these are microscopic organisms in the ocean, they serve as the starting point of many food chains.

phytoplankton

these are tiny marine plants and algae.

zooplankton

these are tiny marine animals

biotechnology

this is the use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes.

biotechnology

the use of living organisms to make useful products

antibiotic

this is a substance produced by a microbe that is effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of other microbes.

Escherichia coli

a common bacterium that normally lives in the intestines of humans and warm-blooded animals

Escherichia coli

has an ideal generation time of 20 minutes, regulated by temperature, pH, and nutrients.

Escherichia coli

it is one of the most studied of all microbes. By studying this, scientist have learned a great deal about the composition and inner working of cells, including human cell.

infectious disease

a pathogen colonizes a person’s body; the pathogen then causes a disease; this type of disease is known as an ____

infectious disease

the pathogen multiplies in your body

microbial intoxication

a pathogen introduces a toxin in vitro; a person ingests the toxin. The toxin cases a disease; this type of disease is known as a _____

microbial intoxication

you eat a poison (toxin) made by a microbe.

cyanobacteria

a group of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria of the phylum Cyanobacteriota that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis.

cyanobacteria

it originated in a freshwater or terrestrial environment, and first appeared in the middle Archean eon

archaeas

single-celled microorganisms that form one of the three fundamental domains of life, alongside Bacteria and Eukarya.

3180 BC

when did the plague (pestilence) happen in Egypt

plague (pestilence)

In 3180 BC, what epidemic occurred in Egypt?

pestilence (plague)

what is the first recorded epidemic?

1900 BC

when did the bubonic plague happen in Greece?

bubonic plague

this occurred in 1900 BC near the end of Trojan war

Greek army

Who was affected by the Bubonic Plague in Greece?

Ebers papyrius (epidemic fever)

this was discovered in a tomb in Thebes, Egypt at 1500 BC

1500 BC

when was ebers papyrius discovered?

1122 BC

When did the smallpox epidemic occur?

china

where did the smallpox first occured?

europe

where did syphilis first occurred?

1493

When did the syphilis first appear?

syphilis

it was believed to be carried by native Americans, brought back by Christopher Columbus.

bad air or punishment from God

before the 1600s, no one knew microbes existed. people thought disease came from what?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

he was the first person to see live bacteria and protozoa

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

he is sometimes referred to as the father of microbiology, father of bacteriology, father of protozoology.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

he was a fabric merchant, a surveyor, a wine assayer, and a minor city official in delf, Holland.

single-lens microscope/simple microscopes

as a hobby he grounded tiny glass lenses, which he mounted in small metal frames, thus creating what today are known as ____

animalcules

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek call the various tiny living creatures that he observed?

royal society of london

Where did Leeuwenhoek send his letters containing his recorded observations?

Rudolf Virchow

who stated that "All cells come from pre-existing cells"?

Rudolf Virchow

who is the Father of Cellular Pathology?

Rudolf Virchow

he was a German physician, pathologist, and scientist known as the "Father of Cellular Pathology."

abiogenesis

this is the idea that life can arise spontaneously from non-living material

biogenesis

this idea proved that life can only arise from pre-existing life

Louis Pasteur

he is a French chemist and made numerous contributions to the newly emerging field of microbiology.

Louis Pasteur

he discovered what occurs during alcoholic fermentation

the foundation of microbiology/cornerstone of modern medicine

Pasteur’s contributions are considered as what?

yeast

what converts glucose in grapes to ethyl alcohol

acetobacter

what converts glucose to acetic acid (vinegar)

aerobes

these are organisms that require oxygen

anaerobes

these are organisms that do not require oxygen

pasteurization

it is a way to kill microbes that were causing wine to spoil

pasteurization

it involves heating wine to 55°C and holding it at that temperature for several minutes

bacillus anthracis

what specific bacterium causes anthrax?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

what specific bacterium causes TB?

Robert Koch

he is a German physician that made numerous contributions to microbiology

Robert Koch

he is known for proving that specific germs cause specific diseases

spores

this explains why anthrax could survive in soil for years.

Richard Julius Petri

he is one of Koch’s colleagues that invented a flat dish known as a petri dish in which to culture bacteria on solid media

Frau Hesse

she is the wife of Koch’s colleague, who suggested the use of agar as a solidifying agent

Agar

it is a polysaccharide obtained from a seaweed

seaweed

where can you obtain agar?

pure culture

it refers to a condition in which only one type of organism is growing on a solid culture medium or in a liquid culture medium in the laboratory.

Vibrio Cholerae

what bacterium causes cholera?

tuberculin

it is a protein derived from M. Tuberculosis that ultimately led to the development of a skin test valuable in diagnosing tuberculosis

fastidious microbes

these are microbes that have a complex and demanding nutritional requirements

species-specific pathogens

they infect only one species of animal

synergistic infections

are caused not by one particular microbe, but by the combined effects of two or more different microbes.

microbiologist

a scientist who studies microbes

bacteriologist

a scientist who specializes in the study of the structure, functions, and activities of bacteria.

phycologist (algologist)

a scientist who studies the various types of algae

protozoologist

a scientist who studies the protozoa and their activities

mycologist

a scientist who specializes in the study of fungi

medical microbiology

is an excellent career field for individuals having interest in medicine and microbiology.

medical microbiology

involves the study of pathogens, the disease they cause, and the body’s defenses against disease

medical microbiology

this field is concerned with epidemiology transmission of pathogens, disease prevention measures, aseptic techniques, treatment of infectious diseases, immunology, and the production of vaccine to protect people and animals against infectious diseases.