exam 2 - cellular respiration

cellular respiration

process through which cells break down food to make energy

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ = 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 30-32 ATP

cellular respiration equation

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

energy currency of the cell

ADP + Pi + H⁺ + energy

ATP + H₂O —>

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

electron carrier that binds and carrier high-energy electrons between compounds in biochemical pathways

reduced form of NAD

NADH

oxidized form of NAD

NAD⁺

NAD⁺ + 2e^- + H⁺

NADH (oxidized) —>

NADH

NAD⁺ + 2e^- + H⁺ (reduced) —>

oxidation - reduction reaction

redox =

flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

another electron carrier

reduced form of FAD

FADH₂

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

four cellular respiration stages

glycolysis

occurs in the cytoplasm where a cell breaks down glucose to make pyruvate and release energy

1 glucose + 2ATP + 2NAD⁺ + 4ADP + 2Pi

glycolysis input

pyruvate + ADP + NADH + ATP + H₂O

glycolysis output

step 1 of glycolysis

glucose —> ATP is hydrolyzed and phosphate is added to glucose —> glucose-6-phosphate

step 2 of glycolysis

glucose-6-phosphate —> rearranged slightly —> fructose-6-phosphate

step 3 of glycolysis

fructose-6-phosphate —> 2nd ATP molecule is hydrolyzed and another phosphate is added —> fructose-1, 6-biphosphate

step 4 of glycolysis

fructose-1, 6-biphosphate —> splits into two molecules —> dihydroxyacetone phosphate & glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

step 5 of glycolysis

dihydroxyacetone phosphate —> converted two two identical molecules —> glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

step 6 of glycolysis

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate —> oxidized and energy is released to attach a free inorganic phosphate —> 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate

step 7 of glycolysis

1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate —> phosphate removed and added to ADP to form ATP —> 3-phosphoglycerate

step 8 of glycolysis

3-phosphoglycerate —> rearranged —> 2-phosphoglycerate

step 9 of glycolysis

2-phosphoglycerate —> dehydration (water removed) —> phosphoenolpyruvate

step 10 of glycolysis

phosphoenolypyruvate —> phosphate removed and added to ADP (ATP released) —> pyruvate

2 pyruvate + 2NAD⁺ + 2CoA —> 2 Acetyl-CoA + 2CO₂ + 2NADH

oxidation of pyruvate

citric acid cycle

process where cell breaks down acetyl-CoA to release energy and produce CO₂

Acetyl-CoA + NAD⁺ + FAD + ADP + Pi

input of citric acid cycle

4CO₂ + 2CoA + 6NADH + 2FADH₂ + 2ATP

output of citric acid cycle

step 1 of citric acid cycle

acetyl-CoA —> combined with oxaloacetate and releases CoA —> citrate

step 2 of citric acid cycle

citrate —> loss of H₂O followed by addition of H₂O —> isocitrate

step 3 of citric acid cycle

isocitrate —> oxidized NAD⁺ in and NADH and H⁺ out, CO₂ out —> alpha-ketoglutarate

step 4 of citric acid cycle

alpha-ketoglutarate —> oxidized, CoA is added, CO₂ is released —> succinyl-CoA

step 5 of citric acid cycel

succinyl-CoA —> releasing CoA and energy ADP/GDP converted to ATP/GTP —> succinate

step 6 of citric acid cycle

succinate —> oxidized FAD to FADH₂ —> fumarate

step 7 of citric acid cycle

fumarate —> water is added —> malate

step 8 of citric acid cycle

malate —> oxidized NAD⁺ in and NADH + H⁺ out —> oxaloacetate