5th Form Summer Exam Chemistry Revision Flashcards

A set of chemistry revision flashcards covering fundamental concepts, formulas, chemical bonding, organic chemistry, and laboratory tests.

Mass number

The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Relative atomic mass ($A_r$)

The average mass of an atom relative to $1/12\text{th}$ the mass of an atom of $^{12}C$.

Covalent bond

A shared pair of electrons to which two nucleii are attracted.

Ionic bonding

Electrostatic attraction between oppositely-charged ions, such as $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ ions in $NaCl$.

Formula of methane

$CH_4$ (an alkane).

Formula of ethane

$C_2H_6$ (an alkane).

Formula of ethene

$C_2H_4$ (an alkene).

Colour of aqueous bromine ($Br_2(aq)$)

Orange.

General formula of alkanes

$$C_nH_{2n+2}$$

General formula of alkenes

$$C_nH_{2n}$$

Characteristics of a homologous series

• Trends in physical properties.

• Similar chemical properties.

• Trend in physical properties

Volumetric Pipette

A laboratory tool used for measuring out exactly $25,cm^3$ accurately.

Measuring cylinder

A laboratory tool used for measuring out liquids approximately.

Conical flask

A vessel used for conducting reactions without spilling.

Appearance of chlorine

A pale green gas at room temperature.

Metallic bonding

Electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons.

Burette

A laboratory tool for measuring variable volumes accurately to $2$ decimal places (e.g., $2.75,cm^3$).

Electronic configuration of Lithium ($Li$)

$$2, 1$$

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon that contains one or more $C=C$ double bonds.

Saturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon that contains no $C=C$ double bonds.

Formula of Nitric acid

$$HNO_3$$

Formula of Sulfuric acid

$$H_2SO_4$$

Reduction

The gain of electrons (OIL RIG).

Oxidation

The loss of electrons (OIL RIG).

Formula of Ammonia

$NH_3$ (an alkaline gas).

Products of Acid + Carbonate reaction

Salt + carbon dioxide + water.

Bonding and structure of Graphite

Covalent bonding with a giant covalent structure.

Bonding and structure of Diamond

Covalent bonding with a giant covalent structure.

Malleability/Ductility in metals

The ability of layers of ions to slide over each other.

Neutrons in Boron ($^{11}_5B$)

$6$ (calculated as $11 - 5$).

Conditions for catalytic cracking

Temperatures of $600-700,^\text{o}C$ using Alumina ($Al_2O_3$) or silica ($SiO_2$) as a catalyst.

Products of catalytic cracking

A long-chain alkane is broken into a shorter-chain alkane + alkene (or hydrogen).

Group

A vertical column in the periodic table.

Period

A horizontal row in the periodic table.

Atomic number

The number of protons in the nucleus.

Hydrocarbon

A molecule containing ONLY hydrogen and carbon.

Isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.

Structure of Nitrogen ($N_2$)

Covalent bonding with a simple molecular structure.

Most reactive Group 1 metal

Caesium ($Cs$).

Most reactive Halogen

Fluorine ($F$).

Least reactive Group 1 metal

Lithium ($Li$).

Reaction of reactive metal + water

Produces a salt + hydrogen gas.

Test for oxygen gas

Glowing splint into test tube → will relight the splint

Appearance of iodine

A grey solid at room temperature.

Formula of Phosphoric acid

$$H_3PO_4$$

Redox reaction

A reaction where reduction and oxidation happen at the same time.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Substances required for iron to rust

Water and oxygen.

Chemical formula of Rust

Hydrated iron (III) oxide ($Fe_2O_3 \times H_2O$).

Test for pure water

The boiling point is exactly $100,^\text{o}C$.

Universal Indicator colours

Red in acid, Green in neutral, and Blue in alkali.

Test for chlorine gas

Damp blue litmus paper turns red and then bleaches white

Test for ammonia gas

Turns damp red litmus paper blue.

Test for carbon dioxide gas

Bubble it through limewater; the limewater turns cloudy or milky.

Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide

It decreases the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen

Percentage of Nitrogen in air

Approximately 78%

Percentage of Oxygen in air

Approximately 20%

Biodegradable

Something that can be broken down by living organisms.

Substitution reaction

one atom or functional group in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group