Anatomy II - Exam 3

encloses the testes

• subcutaneous tissue

• suspended below perineum

scrotum

medial septum of scrotum that divides it into two chambers

raphe

function of scrotum

protects and controls temperature of the teste (important for sex cell production)

_____ & _____ muscles of the scrotum wrinkle and elevate

Dartos & cremaster

average size of testes

1.5 in long

1 in wide

what are the testes enclosed in

outer tunica vaginalis

inner tunica albuginea

lobes in the testes

250

each lobe of testis has

4 seminiferous tubules

____ cells surround each seminiferous tubule

myoid cells

seminiferous tubule forms loop connected to passaeway

rete testis

rete testis receives sperm through

straight tubule

interstitial endocrine (leydig cells) produce

testosterone

other antigens

comprised of blood vessels, nerve fibers, lymphatics in connective tissue sheath in testis

spermatic cord

-coiled tube on outer surface of testis

-becomes ductus deferens

epididymis

form sperm cells and line seminiferous tubules

spermatogenic cells

semen contains

sperm cells

secretions from

• seminal vesicles

• prostate

• bulbourethral glands

pH of sperm (allows effective swimming)

7.2-8.0

amount of sperm released at one time

2-5 mL

sperm per 1 mL

20-150 million

parasympathetic nerve impulses from sacral spinal cord

• release nitric oxide

  • dilates arteries

male sexual response

sperm released with ejaculation

300 million

movement of sperm cells plus secretions into urethra

emission

propulsion of semen from duct system

period of resolution quickly after orgasm

ejaculation

promotes development of testicular interstitial cells

• secrete male sex hormones

LH

stimulates seminiferous tubule cells to respond to testosterone

FSH

average size of ovary

3-5 cm long

1.5-3 cm wide

0.5-1.5 cm thick

anchor each ovary

ovarian, suspensory, and broad ligaments

ovarian arteries =

branches of abdominal aorta

each ovary externally surrounded by

fibrous tunica albuginea

__ oocyte in each follicle

1

one ripening follicle ejects each month

ovulation

before birth, females develop small cell groups in

outer ovarian cortex

outer ovarian cortex forms

millions of primordial follicles

• primary oocyte within collicular cells

fibromuscular

3-4 in long

vagina

thin membrane of connective tissue and epithelium

partially covers vaginal orifice

hymen

most common bacteria STI in US

chlamydia

“the clap’ most common in adolescents, young adults

gonorrhea

multiple stages that may develop over lifetime

syphilis

caused by herpes simplex 2

only treatable NOT curable

genital herpes

most common curable STI in sexually active females

trichomoniasis

abnormal growth of placental tissue with malignant characteristics

Hydatidiform mole

may follow Hydatidiform mole

miscarriage or termination of pregnancy

genetic abnormality during fertilization

Hydatidiform mole symptoms

similar ot normal pregnancy with increased nausea, vomiting, bleeding

Hydatidiform mole blood test results

highly elevated hCG

starts with primitive streak on embryonic disc’s dorsal surface

• creates longitudinal axis of embryo

• germ layers formed

gastrulation

germ layers in gastrulation

endoderm

mesoderm

ectoderm

form nervous system, parts of special sense organs

epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands

linings of mouth and anal canal

ectodermal cells

form muscles, bones, marrow, blood, and vessels

lymph vessels, connective tissue, kidneys

internal reproductive organs, epithelial linings

mesodermal cells

form digestive tract epithelium

respiratory tract, urinary bladder, urethra

endodermal cells

first blood cells develop in

yolk sac

by end of 3rd week gestation

paired blood vessel system

3-4 days after paired blood vessel system

heart is pumping blood

fetal blood contains __% more hemoglobin

50%

moves most blood directly from rigth atrium to left atrium

foramen ovale

the remaining blood that passes out of right atrium to right ventricle mostly enters

ductus arteriosus

reproductive organs appear as male or female

eyelids fused

12 weeks

limbs straighten

skeleton ossifies

rapid growth

month 4

lower limbs reach final relative proportions

movements begin

hair grows on head

month 5

weight substantially gained

eyebrows and eyelashes grow

month 6

fat deposited in subcutaneous tissues

eyelids open

month 7

brain cells form network

organs specialize and grow

fat keeps developing

testes descend into scrotum

digestive and respiratory systems are last to mature

nails developed

skull bones largely ossified

final trimester development

hypertension after 20 weeks gestation

affects 7% of pregnancies in US

most common in younger women, first pregnancy

preeclampsia

multiple fetuses

age over 35

history of HTN

vascular diseases

diabetes

lupus

preeclampsia risk factors

excessive weight gain (often with edema and peripheral swelling)

blood pressure more than 140/90

preeclampsia symptoms

premature detachment of normally positioned placenta from uterine wall

abruptio placentae

abruptio placentae linked to

HTN

preeclampsia

trauma

cocaine use

infection

multiple fetuses

abruptio placentae symptoms

hemorrhage

abdominal pain

fetal distress or death

parturition =

birth

act of giving birth

labor

effects of parturition

progesterone declines (contractions no longer suppressed)

nerve pulses initiated to hypothalamus

nerve pulses initiated to hypothalamus signals _____ release

oxytocin

placenta expelled through birth canal

bleeding due to damages from separation

placental stage

minimize blood loss by oxytocin _____ blood vessels

compressing

placenta expulsion

afterbirth

when true labor begins before normal development complete

premature labor

chance of survival of premature birth based on

weight

less than __ oz will not survive

14oz

28-36 weeks of development with weight > 2.2 lbs

premature birth

____ extend ductile systems and deposit fat around mammary glands

estrogen

progesterone stimulates

alveolar gland development

breast size ___ during postnatal

doubles

postnatal milk production …

temporarily inhibited

total body water changes with

age

body mass

body fat

infant % water (low body fat, low bone mass)

73%

young females % water (higher fat content, less skeletal muscle mass)

50%

young male % water

60%

elderly % water

45%

two main fluid compartments

1. intracellular (ICF)

2. extracellular (ECF)

ICF compartment

2/3 in cells (63%)

ECF compartment

1/3 outside cell (37%)

extracellular fluids

plasma (3L)

interstitial fluid (12L)

interstitial fluids

lymph

CSF

eye humors

synovial fluid

serous fluid

universal solvent

water

inorganic salts, some proteins, acids, bases

ions conduct electrical current

electrolytes

creatinine, glucose, lipids, urea

nonelectrolytes

electrolytes have greater

osmotic power

aka ability to cause fluid shifts

ECF contains

Na+

Cl-

greater concentrations of Ca

• except higher protein, lower Cl-

ICF contains

low Na+ and Cl-

K+

HPO₄^2-

more soluble proteins than in plasma

most abundant solutes in body fluids

electrolytes (control most chemical and physical rxns)

most dissolved solutes

proteins

phospholipids

cholesterol

triglycerides