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External nares
openings of the nose (nostrils)

Internal nares
openings that connect the nasal cavity to the pharynx

Pharynx
throat (passageway for both air and food)

Nasopharynx
behind the nose; air only

Oropharynx
behind the mouth; air + food

Laryngopharynx
leads to larynx (air) and esophagus (food)

Epiglottis
blocks airway when swallowing
When food/liquid enters the trachea instead of the esophagus, it triggers coughing

Larynx
produces sound and keeps airway open

Thyroid Cartilage
protective cartilage (Adam’s apple) around the larynx

Trachea
windpipe; conducts air to lungs

Bronchi
two main branches into each lung

Bronchioles
smaller branching airways

Alveoli
tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Conducting zone
moves air (no gas exchange)
Respiratory zone
where gas exchange occurs (alveoli)
Diffusion
Gas exchange happens passively due to a difference in concentration