AP PSYCH: Unit 4: Development and Learning

Teratogens

substances that enter the placenta and harm the fetus (alcohol, drugs, radiation)

Maturation

biological process enabling orderly development (Nature)

Environmental Impacts

outside force affecting development (nurture)

Sensitive Period

window of time when child is more receptive to learning and acquiring skills: flexible, environmental

Critical Period

a specific & limited time window for proper development and learning: fixed time, biological

Fine Motor Skills

ability to use small muscle groups in a coordinated manner

gross motor skills

ability to use large muscle groups in a coordinated manner

Grasping reflex

will grab/hold object placed in front of them

sucking reflex

will suck on anything put in their mouth

rooting reflex

head turns towards when touched on cheek

Babinski reflex

will spread their toes when foot is stroked

visual cliff experiment

research that tested an infants depth perception ability

menarche

a girls 1st menstruation

Spermarche

a boys 1st ejaculation

Primary Sex Characteristics

development of reproductive organs

Secondary Sex characteristics

development of non-reproductive traits

- Girls🡪 breasts & hips - Guys🡪 facial hair & deeper voice

gender identity

psychological & subjective

refers to which gender (sex)

you believe you are

gender orientation

love/drawn to & subjective

refers to which gender (sex)

you are attracted to

Sex

biological & objective

Refers to a person’s

anatomical sex

Zone of Proximal Development

the area where a child can learn

what a child can do with help vs. what a child cant do

without any help

Sensorimotor Stage

understanding based on senses

develop Object Permanence

Object permanance

(understanding that objects continue

to exist even if one cannot see them)

Preoperational Stage

representing things with Words & Pretend

Play (lack higher thinking): Exhibit… Animism & Egocentrism

Can’t Do … Conservation & Reversibility

Animism

– belief that all things are living

Egocentrism

only my viewpoint matters

Conservation

physical properties remain constant despite changes in appearance

reversability

ability to work backwards

Concrete Operational Stage

think logically & grasp concrete analogies

Exhibit… logic & understand real world

Can’t Do…systematic thinking

Formal Operational Stage

think hypothetically and abstractly

Can… infer & deduce

Can’t… not all achieve this stage

Phonemes

smallest distinct “unit of sound” The word “bat”… has three phonemes b · a · t

Morpheme

smallest unit that carries “meaning” Pumpkin = pump . kin (two meanings)

Semantics

understanding meanings of words and word

combinations

Grammar

system of rules of a language

word formation, order, and sound patterns

Syntax

order of words to make a sentence

in English, adjectives come before nouns; white house

in Spanish, it is reversed; casa blanca

Cooing Stage

pre-linguistic vowel-like sounds

make these when comfortable or happy

Babbling Stage

spontaneously uttering various sounds

(ah-goo)

NOT imitation of speech just sounds

One Word Stage

child speaks one word at a time

Starts as imitation before meaning

“doggy” may mean “look at the dog outside”

Telegraphic Speech

child speaks in two-word sentences

child speaks like a telegram

“Go Potty,” means “I need to go to the bathroom”

Ecological Systems theory

development is shaped by interactions with different levels of social environments

Microsystem

people that have direct contact & impact on a person

Mesosystem

relationship between two groups that directly impact a person (family & friends or school & community)

Exosystem

indirect factors in a person’s life that shape

Macrosystem

cultural aspects that affect a person

chronosystem

events in a person’s current time period

Parenting Styles

4 styles of caregivers that are based on “warmth” & “control”

Authoritarian

punishment, im the boss, because i said so, structure

Authoritative

assertive, self regulation, warmth, democratic, standards, enabling

Uninvolved

distance, neglectful, absent, passive, uninterested

permissive

over involved, lenient, no guidelines, indulgent, you’re the boss, blurred roles

child development with authoritarian parents

withdrawn & unhappy disposition

poor reactions to failures

do well in school but not social

child development with authoritative parents

lively & happy disposition

self-confident & independent

regulate emotion & social skills

child development with permissive parents

poor emotion regulation, defiant when desires challenged, quick to give up when challenged, antisocial behaviors

Attachment

emotional bond with caregiver

Secure Attachment

Caregiver... meet child's needs in

positive, consistent, reliable manner

Child... regulates emotions, have

social skills, form meaningful

relationships

Insecure Ambivalent-Attachment

Caregiver... is emotionally

inconsistent

Child... is anxious, angry, wary of

strangers, clingy, and needy

Insecure Avoidant-Attachment

Caregiver... is emotionally

unresponsive

Child... avoids comfort, difficult being

close w/ others, lacks emotional bonds

Insecure Disorganized-Attachment

Caregiver... is both reliable &

unreliable

Child... has poor emotional

regulation, poor social skills, &

untrusting

Temperament

the personality of a child

Contact Comfort

experiments with monkeys showed importance

of physical “contact” & “comfort” over food when forming...

attachments: harry harlow

Parallel play

children play side-by-side without

interacting; observe other children

& mimic action

Pretend Play

children use their imagination to

create scenarios and act out different

roles or events

Imaginary Audience Phenomenon

belief that others are always paying attention to our actions, words, appearance, and flaws

Personal Fable

belief that they are unique and special… leading to the belief that their experiences and feelings are distinct from others

Diffusion

did not explore options and have not committed to an identity

Moratorium

exploring all options but have

not committed to an identity

Foreclosure

did not explore options but

committed to an identity

Achievement

exploring all options and

committed to an identity

Social Clock

culturally prescribed timing of major life

events, such as graduation, college, career, marriage,

children, retirement

Theory of Psychosocial Development

development of identity through interaction with

their social environment (8 stages)

Stage 1: trust vs mistrust

Adequate Resolution: needs MET by caregiver Future Development: feel safe & can rely on others Inadequate Resolution: needs NOT met by caregiver Future Development: insecure & anxious

Stage 2: Autonomy vs Shame

Adequate Resolution: acts on their own & is supported Future Development: views of self as an individual capable & will do more on own Inadequate Resolution: acts are stopped/done for them Future Development: feelings of self-doubt and inadequacy

Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt

Adequate Resolution: takes on tasks & activities Future Development: views oneself as an individual capable, productive & confident Inadequate Resolution: ridiculed or punished for tasks Future Development: lack of self-worth & feelings of guilt for trying

Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority

Adequate Resolution: meet expectations of society Future Development: feel good in basic skills & will do more on own Inadequate Resolution: not able to do expectations well Future Development: lack self-confidence & feel like a failure; hesitant to try new tasks

Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion

Adequate Resolution: comfortable with who you are Future Development: feel certain, confident, socially accepted, and unique Inadequate Resolution: fail to develop a self-identity Future Development: confused sense of self that is shifting constantly (identity crisis)

Stage 6: Intimacy vs Isolation

Adequate Resolution: form close relationships w/ others Future Development: able to be close, intimate, and committed to other people Inadequate Resolution: isolate oneself from others Future Development: feelings of loneliness, separation, denied intimacy

Stage 7: generativity vs stagnation

Adequate Resolution: involved in meaningful stuff that makes a difference Future Development: look beyond self to others Inadequate Resolution: stagnant and inactive in life Future Development: self-centered; not involved; feeling of lack of a future

Stage 8: Integrity vs Despair

Adequate Resolution: look back at life w/ satisfaction Future Development: feel proud, accomplished, & satisfied Inadequate resolution: goals not met/ many questions, feel disappointed and that life is pointless; overall anger

Programmed Theory of Aging

aging is a result of genetics

Focus🡪 biological clocks & heredity

Cellular Damage Theory (of aging)

aging is a result of cell malfunction as

a result of damage by years on earth

Focus🡪 environmental effects

Classical Conditioning

learned association of

one stimulus with another stimulus to elicit a

response:pavlovs dog experiment

Neutral Stimulus

stimulus that doesn’t produce an automatic

response

Example🡪 ringing a bell and the dog does nothing

Unconditioned Stimulus

anything that produces

an automatic response

Example 🡪 the food

Unconditioned Response

automatic response to

the unconditioned stimulus

Example 🡪 dog salivates

Conditioned Stimulus

anything that produces a learned response

ex🡪 bell rings after

conditioning

Conditioned Response

- a learned response (to a previously neutral stimulus)

ex🡪 the dog salivates

Acquisition

moment an association is made between neutral stimulus & unconditioned stimulus

Extinction

when conditioned stimulus no longer produces the same conditioned response (decreases)

Spontaneous Recovery

return of conditioned response after pause or extinction

Generalization

responding

to a stimuli that is similar to

the conditioned stimulus

Discrimination

ability to

distinguish between a

conditioned stimulus & others

habituation

becoming used to a

stimulus,

causing a diminished response

Counterconditioning

pairing a

desirable stimulus is with an

undesirable stimulus

Systematic desensitization

gradual

exposure to undesirable stimulus until neg.

response stops

Aversion

learned response that

develops an avoidance for certain

foods due to previous negative

experience

Operant Conditioning

shaping behavior

by…associating behaviors with consequences

(reinforcement & punishment) (skinner and his pigeons in a box)

Law of effect

thorndike - behaviors with reinforcing

consequences will be repeated whereas

behaviors with punishing consequences will

not be repeated

Shaping

the use of reinforcement as a consequence to get a desired behavior from a person

Primary Reinforcer

stimuli

that satisfies a biological

need (food, shelter, clothing, sex,

relaxation)

Secondary Reinforcer

rewarding stimuli that helps

gain biological needs (money or

tokens to gain biological needs)

Reinforcement

occurs after a behavior occurs; used

to encourage behavior happening again