Evolutionary Biology (midterm)

Hard to describe, scale, demonstration

3 issues with learning evolution

Laws

Theories vs. laws

Describe

Theories

Theories vs. laws

Explain

5-7

Humans + chimpanzees share a common ancestor … mya (range)

99

After 5-7mya of divergence between humans + chimpanzees, genomes are still … identical (percentage)

All life related

One of the most important & central themes in evolutionary biology is that … (3)

Whale, virus

2 case studies for evolution

Blue whale

What is the largest thing to ever exist on Earth ever?

Convergent

Similarities with fish arose through … evolution

Synapomorphies

Traits found in only this group

Mammary gland, 3 middle ear bones, hair

Whales are mammals because they have 3 synapomorphies with mammals

Involucrum

Dense bone wall around tympanic bulla allowing whales to hear underwater

Astralagus

Another word for talus (ankle bone)

Ankle

Astralagus is the … bone

Homology

Characteristics shared among related species because of common ancestor

Sequence of fossils

What primarily documents the transition from land to water?(3)

Teeth, hindlimb loss, embryonic gene

Other 3 ways of documenting transition from water to land (along with sequence of fossils)

Extinct

Dead now

Extant

Still alive today

Freshwater

Land to water: Terrestrial animals drink …

Saltwater

Land to water: Marine animals drink …

Saltwater

Land to water: Higher ratio in…

Marine, saltwater

Ratio is higher in teeth of … animals because they drink…

Terrestrial, freshwater

Ratio in teeth is lower in … animals because they drink …

Develop

Land to water: Dolphin embryo shows that hindlimbs begin to form but fail to fully …

Teeth

Teeth or baleen?

Baleen

Teeth or baleen?

Teeth

Ancestors of modern whales had teeth or baleen?

Homologous structures

Nonfunctional sides of whales/dolphins where a hip would be and hip bones in terrestrial vertebrates represent (2)

Independently

Whales + fish have similar body forms that evolved … (independently or dependently)

Mutations

SARS-CoV-2: Replication of genetic material results in…

ACE2

SARS-CoV-2: Able to bind to cell surface receptors called… and virus hijacks cell to replicate viral RNA

Natural selection

SARS-CoV-2: Strains with beneficial mutations increase frequency via … (2)

Immune system

SARS-CoV-2: New mutations are no longer recognized by a … (2) increasing reproduction and dominating populations in following generations

Zoonotic

SARS-CoV-2: Origin … transfer

Zoonotic transfer

Viral jump from animal to human (2)

Macroevolution

Evolution across millions of years (i.e. whales)

Microevolution

Evolution observing allele frequencies change across generations (i.e. viruses)

Whale

Whale + viruses: Macroevolution

Viruses

Whale + viruses: Microevolution

Cetaceans

Whales, dolphins, and porpoises are collectively known as …

Phylogeny

Visual representation of evolutionary history in branching pattern

Tiny vestige

In a whale, the pelvis is still present but only as a … embedded in the body (2)

Spike

One of genes in SARS-CoV2 genome encodes a protein called … which covers the surface and is the defining feature

Get into cells

All coronaviruses use their spike protein for the same function: to … (3)

Reassortment

Happens when two viruses invade a cell and produce offspring that contains some genes from both viruses

Great Chain of Being

Pre Darwin: View that plants are lowest forms of life, animals above, humans higher (reason), under God

Reason

Pre Darwin: In the Great Chain of Being, humans were put higher than animals because humans can …

Linnean Classification

Pre Darwin: Organization of all living things within taxa (genus, then species) (2)

Taxonomy

Pre Darwin: Linnaeus system that is [genus, species]

Stratification

Pre Darwin: Layering of rock which recognized as oldest on bottom and youngest on top

Divine creator

Pre Darwin: Paley proposed that the mechanical complexity of animal organs provided evidence of a …

Cuvier

Pre Darwin: First evidence for extinction came from … (last name)

Hutton

Pre Darwin: This guy envisioned deep history shaped by gradual transformations of landscapes through imperceptibly slow changes

Smith

Pre Darwin: First geological map of fossils + rock layers was developed by … (last name)

Environment

Pre Darwin: Lamarck believed that animals and plants could adapt to their … during their lifetime

Regulatory

Dolphin embryos do grow hindlimb buds but development is terminated early because of a mutation in a … gene

Tree of life

Darwin: All living things are connected in the … (3)

Special creation

Notion dominating Western thought of the nature of organisms for 2000 years

Independent

Special creation: 1/3

Species are … (unrelated)

Young

Special creation: 1/3

Life on Earth is … (around 6000 years)

Immutable

Special creation: 1/3

Speces are … (incapable of change)

Independent, young, immutable

Special creation: 3 keywords

Typological thinking

Plato’s thoughts that every organism is an example of perfect essence or type created by God (2) thinking

Great Chain of Being

Aristotle ordered organisms into linear … (4)

Plato, Aristotle

Which 2 hoes believed that species were fixed types?

Size, complexity

In the Great Chain of Being (Aristotle), species were organized based on increasing … and …

Scale of Nature

Aristotle Great Chain of Being a.k.a. (3)

Linneaus

Early naturalist that classified life’s diversity (the guy’s last name is fine)

Animalia

Linnean taxonomy: All animals (kingdom)

Chordata

Linnean taxonomy: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals (phylum)

Mammalia

Linnean taxonomy: All mammals (class)

Primata

Linnean taxonomy: Prosimians, simians (monkeys, apes, humans) (order)

Homo

Linnean taxonomy: Modern and archaic humans (genus)

Homo sapiens

Linnean taxonomy: Modern humans (species)

Spinal cord

Linnean ‘chordata’ characteristic is the … (2)

Cuvier

Guy who used paleontology to prove that life has changed, as well as past species r extinct

Hutton

Guy who talked about small changes accumulating over time proving Earth must be supa old (geologist)

Smith

Guy who talked about different layers with distinct fossils and rock layers answers for extinction (geologist)

Smith

Who created the first geological map, organizing surface features into strata?

Lamarck

One of first guys that said species change through time from simple to complex?

Acquired

Lamarck thought that adaptation occurs through inheritance of … changes

Uniformitarianism

Idea that the same observable natural processes today were also responsible for events in the past (Lyell)

Wallace

Dude with similar evolutionary ideas as Darwin (natural selection, common ancestry, biodiversity)

Linear progression

Darwin + Wallace: Proposed that change does not follow … (2)

Populations

Darwin + Wallace: Variation amongst individuals in …

Population thinking

Darwin + Wallace: Rather than typological thinking, they proposed … (2)

Malthus

Who proposed this figure?

25

Malthus: Populations double every … years

Poor

Malthus: To support doubling of populations, he said don’t support the … and abolish charity

Time

Darwin’s Origin of Species laid 2 important predictions about species: ½
Species change through …

Ancestry

Darwin’s Origin of Species laid 2 important predictions about species: ½
Species are related by common …

Puzzling patterns

Common descent makes sense of … (2)

Homologous

Traits similar due to inheritance from common ancestor

Synapomorphy

Homology =

(another term)

Branching blood vessels

Sharks also have … to absorb oxygen from gills and humans also have these but through lungs (3)

Unchanging

Darwin + Wallace: Overturned idea that species are …

Adaptation

Traits that have evolved by natural selection

Variable

4 Darwin’s Postulates: ¼
Individuals within species are …

Offspring

4 Darwin’s Postulates: ¼
Some variations are passed to …