Evolutionary Biology

Hard to describe, scale, demonstration

3 issues with learning evolution

Laws

Theories vs. laws

Describe

Theories

Theories vs. laws

Explain

5-7

Humans + chimpanzees share a common ancestor … mya (range)

99

After 5-7mya of divergence between humans + chimpanzees, genomes are still … identical (percentage)

All life related

One of the most important & central themes in evolutionary biology is that … (3)

Whale, virus

2 case studies for evolution

Blue whale

What is the largest thing to ever exist on Earth ever?

Convergent

Similarities with fish arose through … evolution

Synapomorphies

Traits found in only this group

Mammary gland, 3 middle ear bones, hair

Whales are mammals because they have 3 synapomorphies with mammals

Involucrum

Dense bone wall around tympanic bulla allowing whales to hear underwater

Astragalus

Another word for talus (ankle bone)

Ankle

Astralagus is the … bone

Homology

Characteristics shared among related species because of common ancestor

Sequence of fossils

What primarily documents the transition from land to water?(3)

Teeth, hindlimb loss, embryonic gene

Other 3 ways of documenting transition from water to land (along with sequence of fossils)

Extinct

Dead now

Extant

Still alive today

Freshwater

Land to water: Terrestrial animals drink …

Saltwater

Land to water: Marine animals drink …

Saltwater

Land to water: Higher ratio in…

Marine, saltwater

Ratio is higher in teeth of … animals because they drink…

Terrestrial, freshwater

Ratio in teeth is lower in … animals because they drink …

Develop

Land to water: Dolphin embryo shows that hindlimbs begin to form but fail to fully …

Teeth

Teeth or baleen?

Baleen

Teeth or baleen?

Teeth

Ancestors of modern whales had teeth or baleen?

Homologous structures

Nonfunctional sides of whales/dolphins where a hip would be and hip bones in terrestrial vertebrates represent (2)

Independently

Whales + fish have similar body forms that evolved … (independently or dependently)

Mutations

SARS-CoV-2: Replication of genetic material results in…

ACE2

SARS-CoV-2: Able to bind to cell surface receptors called… and virus hijacks cell to replicate viral RNA

Natural selection

SARS-CoV-2: Strains with beneficial mutations increase frequency via … (2)

Immune system

SARS-CoV-2: New mutations are no longer recognized by a … (2) increasing reproduction and dominating populations in following generations

Zoonotic

SARS-CoV-2: Origin … transfer

Zoonotic transfer

Viral jump from animal to human (2)

Macroevolution

Evolution across millions of years (i.e. whales)

Microevolution

Evolution observing allele frequencies change across generations (i.e. viruses)

Whale

Whale + viruses: Macroevolution

Viruses

Whale + viruses: Microevolution