patho final

hallmark physiological response in all types of shock

Inadequate cellular oxygenation and tissue perfusion, leading to anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid production.

Left-Sided Heart Failure fluid backup

Fluid backs up into the lungs, causing pulmonary edema, dyspnea, crackles, and frothy pink sputum.

Right-Sided Heart Failure (Cor Pulmonale) fluid backup

Fluid backs up into the systemic circulation, causing jugular vein distention (JVD), hepatomegaly, and peripheral edema.

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

An autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Involves cellular insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell dysfunction.

Diabetes Insipidus (DI) hormone deficiency

Deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), presenting with massive polyuria, extreme thirst, hypernatremia, and low urine specific gravity.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) electrolyte imbalance

Causes dilutional hyponatremia due to severe water retention (excess ADH).

earliest sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

A change in the level of consciousness (LOC), such as restlessness, confusion, or lethargy.

Cushing Triad

Bradycardia, severe systolic hypertension (with a widened pulse pressure), and irregular breathing patterns indicating late/severe increased ICP.

primary pathophysiological mechanism of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Type III hypersensitivity causing immune complexes to deposit in tissues/blood vessels, leading to chronic inflammation.

sympathetic nervous system response to acute stress

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, increasing heart rate, raising blood pressure, and triggering glycogenolysis.

distinguishing feature of Crohn's Disease

Transmural inflammation (all layers) and 'skip lesions' anywhere from mouth to anus.

characteristic of a malignant tumor

Malignant tumors exhibit anaplasia, lack a capsule, and can metastasize.

hypovolemic shock in major burn injury

Occurs due to massive systemic capillary leak that allows plasma to shift, decreasing blood volume and blood pressure.

most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) pre-renal phase

Severe decreased renal blood flow (hypoperfusion) caused by hypovolemia, hypotension, or shock.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) role during acute volume loss

Triggers massive vasoconstriction and sodium/water retention to raise blood pressure.

painful vaso-occlusive crisis in Sickle Cell Anemia cause

Deoxygenation or stress causes RBCs to mutate into a rigid sickle shape, blocking microcirculation and causing severe ischemia.

difference between Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Osteoarthritis is due to mechanical 'wear and tear', while RA is an autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting synovial membranes.