patho final

What is the hallmark physiological response in all types of shock (Chapter 48)? Inadequate cellular oxygenation and tissue perfusion, leading to anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid production.

In Left-Sided Heart Failure, where does fluid back up and what are the symptoms (Chapter 32)? Fluid backs up into the lungs. Symptoms include pulmonary edema, dyspnea, crackles, and frothy pink sputum.

In Right-Sided Heart Failure (Cor Pulmonale), where does fluid back up (Chapter 32)? Fluid backs up into the systemic circulation, causing jugular vein distention (JVD), hepatomegaly, and peripheral edema.

What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes Mellitus (Chapter 22)? Type I is an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells (absolute insulin deficiency). Type II involves cellular insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell dysfunction.

Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is caused by a deficiency of which hormone, and what are the symptoms (Chapter 22)? Deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH). Presents with massive polyuria, extreme thirst, hypernatremia, and low urine specific gravity.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) causes what electrolyte imbalance (Chapter 22)? Dilutional hyponatremia due to severe water retention (excess ADH).

What is the earliest sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) (Chapter 18)? A change in the level of consciousness (LOC), such as restlessness, confusion, or lethargy.

What is the Cushing Triad, indicating late/severe increased ICP (Chapter 18)? Bradycardia, severe systolic hypertension (with a widened pulse pressure), and irregular breathing patterns.

What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (Chapter 9)? Type III hypersensitivity. Autoantibodies form immune complexes that deposit in tissues/blood vessels, causing severe chronic inflammation (especially in kidneys and joints).

How does the sympathetic nervous system respond to acute stress (Chapter 11)? Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increase heart rate, raise blood pressure, and trigger glycogenolysis to raise blood glucose.

What distinguishes Crohn's Disease from Ulcerative Colitis (Chapter 41)? Crohn's involves transmural inflammation (all layers) and "skip lesions" anywhere from mouth to anus. UC is limited to the mucosal layer of the colon/rectum.

What is the defining characteristic of a malignant tumor compared to benign (Chapter 12)? Malignant tumors have anaplasia (loss of cellular differentiation), lack a capsule, and have the ability to metastasize (spread to distant tissues).

In a major burn injury, why does hypovolemic shock occur in the first 24 hours (Chapter 48)? Massive systemic capillary leak allows plasma to shift out of the vascular space into the interstitial tissues, dropping blood volume and blood pressure.

What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) pre-renal phase (Chapter 38)? Severe decreased renal blood flow (hypoperfusion) caused by hypovolemia, hypotension, or shock.

What is the role of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) during acute volume loss? It triggers massive vasoconstriction (via Angiotensin II) and sodium/water retention (via Aldosterone) to aggressively raise blood pressure.

What physiological process causes the painful vaso-occlusive crisis in Sickle Cell Anemia (Chapter 29)? Deoxygenation or stress causes RBCs to mutate into a rigid sickle shape, which blocks microcirculation, causing severe tissue ischemia and pain.

What is the difference between Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis (Chapter 44)? Osteoarthritis is the mechanical "wear and tear" loss of articular cartilage. RA is an autoimmune, systemic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes.