RADT 1200 - Unit 1 (Intro to Radiation Protection) & Unit 2 (Radiation Types, Sources, & Doses) Power Point (Ashley Vild's)

Radiation

______ involves the transmission of energy from one point to another, and the use of it within the healing arts did not occur until after its discovery in the form of x-rays in 1895

Ionizing Radiation

Type of radiation that has enough energy to remove tightly bound e- from atoms, resulting in the formation of charged particles, aka ions.

penetrating matter and causing changes in the structure of atoms and molecules.

What is ionizing radiation capable of doing?

Team Approach

There has been an increase in awareness of the value of what to patient care?

• The American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)

• The American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)

• The Joint Commission

Which organizations encourage healthcare providers to function as effective team members while establishing a culture of quality and patient safety

Radiant Energy

__________ ________ refers to the energy carried by electromagnetic waves. This form of energy can travel through a vacuum w/o a medium. It also plays a fundamental role in various natural processes.

______________ is defined as effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation.

Radiation Protection

________________ is defined as any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management of medical needs, and does not enhance the quality of the study.

unnecessary radiation

• ensuring the highest quality of care

• using appropriate and effective communication

• answering questions about the potential risk of radiation exposure

• inform patients of what needs to be done as a follow-up to their exam

What is important when educating patients.

Exposure

• refers to the production of ions in the air resulting from the passage of energetic radiation through the air

• measured in Coulomb per kilogram (C/Kg) or in milliroentgens (mR).

Absorbed Dose

• refers to the amount of energy from radiation exposure deposited per unit mass of material

• measured in milligray (mGy)

Effective Dose

• designed to provide a quantity that seeks to gauge the overall harm caused by radiation exposure to humans

• accounts for the differing effects on tissues of ionizing sources

• best overall measure of the biological effects of ionizing radiation

• measured in millisieverts (mSv)

Diagnostic efficacy

the accuracy of revealing the presence or absence of disease while adhering to radiation safety guidelines

producing essential images w/ minimal exposure

what does ORP stand for?

Optimization for Radiation Protection

Regulatory Agencies

______ _______ often use the ALARA principle to compare radiation usage among healthcare facilities in particular specific regions.

what are the cardinal rules for radiation protection?

time, distance, shielding

The patient and the radiographer

Who are cardinal rule principles supposed to be applied to?

Reduce the amount of the x-ray beam-on time

Use as much distance as warranted

Specific area shielding devices may be required

How do you reduce the exposure to the patient

what does RSO stand for?

Radiation Safety Officer

what does BERT stand for?

Background Equivalent Radiation Time

BERT is a method that can be used to...

improve understanding and reduce fear and anxiety for the patient

BERT is based on an annual U.S. population exposure of approximately _____mSV per year.

3

BERT emphasizes that radiation is an ______ part of our environment.

innate

BERT does not imply radiation risk, it is simply a means for ________

comparison

Children are __________ sensitive to radiation than are adults.

more

Studies show that the more radiation exposure a child receives, the more likely for them to develop ________ later in life.

cancer

what does the Image Gently Campaign fight for?

reducing radiation doses for pediatrics, specifically in CT

what does the Image Wisely Campaign fight for?

reducing the publics exposure to ionizing radiation from medical imaging

CT and interventional procedures are more cognizant of _________________.

patient dose recording

All EMR travels at...

3.0 x 10^8 m/s (the speed of light)

what is the wave equation?

c = λf (wavelength related to frequency)

what is Plancks quantum equation?

E= hf (frequency related to energy)

shorter wavelength = higher frequency = ?

higher energy

longer wavelength = lower frequency = ?

lower energy

wavelength and frequency are ________ proportional.

inversely

frequency and energy are __________ proportional

directly

EMR travels as a wave but can have enough energy to interact with matter as a __________.

particle (wave-particle duality)

___________ is the removal of an orbital electron

ionization

do photons have mass?

no, just energy

list non-ionizing EMR.

radio, micro, infrared, visible light, low UV

list ionizing EMR.

high UV, x-rays, gamma

__________ is subatomic particles ejected from nuclei at very high speeds

particulate radiation

__________ comes from the nuclei of heavy elements (uranium and plutonium)

alpha

alpha particles have ________ ionization and ______ penetration

high, low

_______ comes from high speed electrons

beta

beta particles are _______ ionizing and ________ penetrating

less, more

what does EqD stand for?

equivalent dose

EqD can lead to potential _________ harm produced by different radiation types.

biologic

what does EfD stand for?

Effective dose

EfD is a chance or risk of any body part developing ________________ from any radiation

radiation induced cancer

what are some biological conditions that excessive radiation dose can lead to?

cataracts, mutations, leukemia

_______ Sv is measurable in hematologic depression

0.25

______ Sv can lead to nausea and diarrhea

1.5

______ Sv can lead to erythema (skin redness)

2.0

______ Sv can lead to death

6

______________ is ionizing radiation from the environment

natural background radiation

what are 3 types of natural background radiation?

terrestrial- radioactive earth crust

cosmic- solar and galactic

internal radionuclides- food, bananas

___________________ is a natural radiation source that grows larger due to an accidental/ deliberate human actions. (mining)

enhanced natural radiation

______% of background radiation is from radon.

37

______% of background radiation is from CT.

24

what is the 2nd leading cause of lung cancer?

radon

what can lead to a higher exposure to cosmic radiation?

higher altitude

why are bananas radioactive?

they contain potassium-40

what are some things that use artificial radiation?

early TVs, luminous watches, medical imaging, airport surveillance, pedoscopes

The radiation received from a 10 hour plane ride is equivalent to what?

1 chest x-ray

Most radiation induced cancers have a ______ year or more latent period

15

what type of cancer did Chernobyl lead to in children? adults?

thyroid cancer in children, leukemia and breast cancer in adults

what is ESE?

Entrance Skin Exposure

how can ESE be reduced when positioning?

shielding and collimation