Cost benefit analysis + stats and OS map skill clarification

What is the purpose of cost benefit analysis in coastline protection?

To compare advantages and disadvantages, evaluate costs, problems created, and environmental effects.

What do analysts consider when evaluating coastline protection?

They ask whether the positives outweigh the negatives.

What are the three types of reasons considered in coastline protection?

Social reasons, Economic reasons, and Environmental reasons.

What is a social positive of coastline protection in Happisburgh?

Safety and security.

What is a social negative of coastline protection in Happisburgh?

Properties losing value and people losing houses due to erosion.

What is an environmental positive of coastline protection in Happisburgh?

Wildlife are preserved and protected.

What is an environmental negative of coastline protection in Happisburgh?

Sea defences disturb the wildlife.

What is an economic negative of coastline protection in Happisburgh?

Farmland is lost, leading to lost jobs and limiting tourism.

How are grid references measured?

Using a six-figure grid reference system.

When measuring easting, what does the third number indicate?

It indicates how far east along the corridor you go.

What do eastings measure?

How east/west it is.

What do northings measure?

How north/south it is.

What is the population of Happisburgh?

Approximately 1400 people.

How many houses are in Happisburgh?

About 600 houses.

What historical structure is notable in Happisburgh?

A stone church dating from the 14th century.

How much land was lost in Happisburgh between 1600 and 1850?

Over 250 meters of land.

What tragic event affected Happisburgh in 1953?

Floods that claimed the lives of 76 Norfolk residents.

What have coastal defences done in Happisburgh?

Slowed down the rate of retreat.

What increases the rate of erosion in Happisburgh?

Sea-level rise, climate change, and increased storminess.

How does agriculture contribute to Happisburgh's economy?

Agriculture significantly contributes to the economy but is threatened by erosion.

What is the highest recorded erosion rate per month in Happisburgh?

13 metres.

How much land did a farmer lose over a decade due to erosion?

23 acres.

What is the impact of sea defences on tourism in Happisburgh?

Some sea defences limit tourism due to difficult access.

What are some features of Happisburgh?

Notable stone church, manor house, listed buildings, and a red and white striped lighthouse.

How do coastal defences impact local properties?

They may prevent erosion but can also lead to loss of properties and reduced value.

What role does tourism play in Happisburgh's economy?

Tourism contributes significantly but is threatened by the receding cliff line.

Why might Happisburgh's coastal defences be considered inadequate?

Large sections are now in disrepair despite initial effectiveness.

What is one notable architectural feature of Happisburgh?

A famous red and white striped lighthouse.

How has attitude towards coastline protection changed over time in Happisburgh?

From construction to evaluation of ongoing maintenance and effectiveness.

What does climate change do to coastal erosion?

It may increase the rate of erosion.

What does ongoing erosion risk in Happisburgh?

Loss of properties and agricultural land.

What impact did the 1953 floods have on Happisburgh?

Claimed the lives of residents and highlighted vulnerability to coastal flood risks.

What factors contribute to decisions on coastline preservation?

Social, economic, and environmental considerations.

How do cultural heritage sites in Happisburgh relate to erosion?

They are at risk due to coastal erosion jeopardizing historical structures.

What is the importance of sea defences for the people of Happisburgh?

They are crucial for protecting homes and livelihoods against erosion.

In a cost benefit analysis, what does 'negatives' refer to?

The drawbacks or risks associated with coastline protection measures.

What do the terms 'eastings' and 'northings' refer to in grid referencing?

Eastings measure east-west positioning while northings measure north-south positioning.

What might happen if funding is directed solely to sea defences?

Other critical needs, such as housing compensation, may be neglected.

What happens when settlements decline due to erosion?

Reduced population and less economic activity.

What is a potential conflict in coastal management?

Balancing environmental protection with human needs and economic interests.

How do changes in tourism affect Happisburgh's economy?

Impacts local businesses reliant on visitor revenue.

What does the loss of properties in Happisburgh indicate?

A severe impact of coastal erosion on the community.

Why are coastal defences considered a temporary solution?

They require ongoing maintenance and may become ineffective over time.

What long-term trend is observed in land loss at Happisburgh?

An increasing rate of coastal erosion due to environmental factors.

What effect has more erosion had on local tourism?

It has led to decreased tourism due to the loss of attractions.

What is the significance of historic records for Happisburgh?

They provide data on long-term land loss and erosion trends.

How does the local economy rely on agricultural land?

Agricultural jobs and productivity are central to economic health.

What role does wildlife play in the context of Happisburgh's coastline?

Wildlife preservation is a positive aspect of coastal defence strategies.

Why is public sentiment important in coastal defence discussions?

Local communities are directly affected by decisions on coastline protection.

What kind of support might residents seek concerning property loss?

Compensation or assistance based on erosion impacts.

What does the phrase "the positives outweigh the negatives" suggest?

Benefits should justify the implementation of coastline protection measures.

What is a potential disadvantage of rebuilding coastal defences?

Costs may divert funds from other community needs.

How do changing weather patterns influence erosion?

They can lead to increased storm intensity and erosion.

What historical events shape the need for present-day coastal management?

Past flooding and significant land loss inform current strategies.

What assumption can be made about property values in areas experiencing erosion?

They tend to decrease as risks increase.

Why is it crucial to preserve tourism in coastal areas?

Tourism is essential for many local economies and job preservation.

What can happen if coastal defences fail?

Could result in devastating losses of land and property.

How important are historical structures to the village of Happisburgh?

They contribute to cultural identity and tourism.

What is the effect of erosion on community resources?

It can diminish resources available for development and services.

Why is the economy of Happisburgh vulnerable?

It heavily relies on agriculture and tourism that are threatened by erosion.

In what ways does climate change complicate coastal management?

It introduces unpredictable variables affecting erosion rates.

What can be concluded about erosion's impact on local ecosystems?

Erosion can disrupt habitats and biodiversity.

How do community values influence decisions on coastline protection?

Values shape priorities between economic, social, and environmental concerns.

What emergency measures might be necessary during acute erosion events?

Immediate protective actions to safeguard lives and properties.