8.3 + 8.4 History Vocab

Henry Bessermer

A British inventor who developed a new process for making steel from iron called the Bessemer process, which significantly lowered the cost and increased the efficiency of steel production.

Alfred Nobel

invented dynamite, an explosive that was much safer at the time

Michael Faraday

created the first simple electronic motor and the first dynamo

Dynamo

a machine that generates electricity

Thomas Edison

Created the first electric light bulb

Interchangeable Parts

identical components that could be used in place of one another

Assembly Line

workers added parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to another

Orville & Wilbur Wright

Designed and flew a flimsy airplane for a couple seconds

Germ Theory

Theory that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases

Louis Pasteur

French chemist who showed the link between microbes and disease. He contributed to medicine

Florence Nightingale

Founded the first school of nursing, and insisted on better hygiene.

Joseph Lister

Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection. Insisted that surgeons sterilize their instruments and wash their hands before operating

Urban Renewal

Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city, took place in Paris, during the 1850’s.

Cult of Domesticity

Idealized women and “home sweet home.” The ideal woman was seen as tender, self sacrificing, a caregiver who provided for her husband and children.

Temperance Movement

A campaign to limit or ban the use of Alcoholic beverages

Women’s suffrage

women’s right to vote

Sojourner Truth

(1797–1883) was one of the most well-known African American women during the 19th century. She was born a slave, and when she earned her freedom in 1826, she began travelling the country to spread the truth about injustice and to preach for human rights.

Social Gospel

a movement that urged Christians to do social services such as reforms in housing, healthcare, and education

Romanticism

a cultural movement that emphasized imagination, freedom, and emotion from the 1700s to the 1850s.

William Wordsworth

wrote Lyrical Ballads in 1789. He rejected formal styles and conventions

Ludwig Van Beethoven

Conveyed emotions through his music such as love, loss, death, joy, and fear.

Charles Dickens

Portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers, including children through his writing. One of the most popular novelists in the world.

Realism

an attempt to represent the world as it was. They stressed the harsh side of life in urban slums or peasant villages.

Impressionism

Brush strokes of side by side with out any blending

Claude Monet

impressionist artist who was one of the leading figures in the French Impressionist movement. Sought to create an accurate depiction of nature through his use of color, tones, texture, and brush strokes. He often painted the same object or scene at different times of day to see how light and shadow changed its appearance. Two of his most famous series are the grain stacks and water lily pond.

Vincent Van Gogh

Used sharp lines and bright colors in his artwork. Lent a dreamlike quality to everyday subjects. He was poor and unhappy and he sold his paintings. Most famous work is Starry Night