Introduction to Pharmacology Practice Flashcards

Flashcards covering introductory pharmacology concepts, drug nomenclature, safety categories, and pharmacokinetic/dynamic terminology from the Unit One lecture notes.

What is pharmacology defined as in the lecture notes?

The study of drugs.

According to the (FDA), what are the five uses of a drug?

Diagnosis, cure, relief, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or animals.

What is the definition of Pharmacokinetics?

The study of the processes that occur as the drug moves through the body.

ADME

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.

Pharmacodynamics

The study of the action of a drug on living tissue, or how drugs work in the body.

MOA

Mechanism of Action.

Pharmacotherapeutics

The study of how drugs treat a disease or condition.

What is the science of preparing and dispensing medication called?

Pharmacy.

Posology

The study of the amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect, or dosing.

What is Toxicology?

The study of harmful or poisonous effects of drugs.

two principles of pharmacology

Drugs do not create function, they only modify it; and no drug has a single action.

What is the purpose of Therapeutic Use of a drug?

To control or cure symptoms, conditions, or diseases (physiological and/or psychological).

example of Preventative Use for a drug

Vaccines.

Diagnostic Use of a drug

To provide evidence of disease, such as contrast or dyes.

9 rights

Right patient, Right medication, Right dosage, Right time, Right route of administration, Right form, Right response, Right documentation.

Therapeutic Effect

The desired or intended effect of the drug (drug indication).

What is the definition of a contraindication?

A situation when a drug should not be used.

Side Effect

An undesirable effect in addition to the desired effect (not an allergy), such as drowsiness or dry mouth.

Adverse effect

An undesired effect that is possibly harmful, such as CNS disturbances.

Toxic Effect

A side effect that can be harmful or life threatening to the body (drug poisoning).

Allergic Reaction

A reaction following previous exposure and sensitization where antibodies form, leading to an antigen-antibody reaction.

four symptoms of anaphylaxis

Respiratory difficulty, decrease in blood pressure, cardiac arrest, and death.

Iatrogenic Effect

An unintentional effect or disease resulting from drug therapy.

Idiosyncratic Effect

An unexpected drug effect unique to an individual.

drug dose

The exact amount of drug administered per order.

Site of Action

The location where the drug exerts its therapeutic effect.

example for a Site of Action.

Aspirin acting on the hypothalamus to reduce fever.

Receptor Site

A specific location on the site of action where the drug binds to a cell in order to cause an effect.

Affinity

The propensity of a drug to bind to a given receptor site, or how strong the bond is.

Agonist Drug

A drug that binds and produces an effect, mimicking other substances (mimetic drug).

Antagonist Drug

A drug that binds and prevents other substances from producing an effect (blocking drug, blocker, or inhibitor).

Competitive Antagonism

Agonists and antagonists bind to the same receptor, and the one occupying the greatest number of receptors determines the amount of drug action produced.

Ceiling Effect or maximal response

The limit where an increase in dose no longer increases the response ($100\%$ response).

Potency

The strength to produce an effect.

the onset of action

The first observable effect of a drug.

two requirements for drug approval by the FDA?

1. Efficacy (proof of effectiveness) and 2. Safety.

LD50

Lethal dose determined in animals; the dose that will kill $50\%$ of animals tested.

$ED_{50}$?

The dose producing a therapeutic effect that is $50\%$ of the maximal response.

calculate Therapeutic Index (TI)

$$TI = \frac{LD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$$

What is the difference in capitalization between Generic and Trade names?

Generic names are lowercase; Trade names (Brand) capitalize the first letter and use the trademark symbol $\circledR$.

Behind the counter (BTC) drug

A drug where a pharmacist assesses age and intentions before dispensing, such as cold meds or Plan B.

Pharmaceutically equivalent

They have the same makeup, strength, quality, and purity.

What does it mean for drugs to be 'Therapeutically equivalent'?

They have the same therapeutic effect, including duration and intensity.

What is the United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF)?

The official drug list recognized by the government, updated annually.

Which drug reference is most widely used by healthcare providers for use, dosing, and adverse reactions?

PDR (Physicians' Desk Reference).

Pregnancy Category A.

No risk to fetus in the first trimester and no evidence of risk in later trimesters.

Describe FDA Pregnancy Category X.

Studies show fetal abnormalities and fetal risk; risks clearly outweigh benefits (teratogenic).

teratogenic

Harmful to the fetus or embryo.

things included in the 2015 FDA Additional Labeling Info

Pregnancy, Lactation, and Male and Female Reproductive Potential.

How are controlled substances categorized?

Schedules I through V ($C-I$ to $C-V$) based on medical usefulness and potential for abuse.

Schedule I drug

High abuse potential and no accepted medical use (e.g., heroin, LSD).

Schedule II drug

High abuse potential with accepted medical use (e.g., morphine, codeine).

Schedule V drug

Limited abuse potential with accepted medical use (e.g., narcotics antitussives).

Physical Dependence

Physical symptoms like tremors, abdominal cramps, sweating, or convulsions occur without the use of the drug.

Psychological Dependence

Psychological symptoms like anxiety, tension, or stress occur without the use of the drug.

Drug Tolerance

The need to take more of a drug to achieve the same effect, often due to increased metabolism of the drug.

Define Addiction as per the transcript.

Drug dependence causing severe and compulsive behavior.

According to the CDC WONDER data, about how many drug overdose deaths were estimated in 2017?

More than $70,200$ deaths.

Which drug and its analogs saw the sharpest increase in overdose deaths in 2017?

Fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, with more than $28,400$ deaths.

FDA

It governs the approval and use of all drugs, requiring proof of efficacy and safety.