Structural Simplifications, Systemic Simpifactions, Diacritics

SI consonant cluster reduction

Target syllable initial clusters reduced (suppressed around 4:06).

Final Consonant Deletion

SFWF consonant has zero realisation (surpassed between 3:03-3:06). EG vest- [ve]

Final consonant cluster reduction

SFWF consonant cluster reduced but not omitted. EG lamp- [læm]

Consonant sequence reduction across syllable boundary

Singleton coda consonant abuts a singleton onset consonant of the following syllable- one consonant may be omitted. EG tractor- [tætɔ]

weak syllable deletion

An unstressed syllable is omitted, applies to words of 2+ syllables (Suppressed between 3:06-4).

Vocalisation

Syllabic consonant target is realised as a vowel- particularly liquids. EG bottle- [bɒtʊ]

Vowel epenthesis

A vowel typically [ə] and [ɪ] are inserted to break up a consonant cluster (can continue until 8 years). EG fly- [fəlaɪ]

Reduplication

Realisation of adult target pronunciation by a complete or partial repetition of an adult target syllable- partial target vowel or consonant repeated. EG lemon- [lele]

Coalescence

2 neighbouring sounds substituted for a single different sound with similar feature EG spoon -[fun]

Initial consonant deletion

Initial consonants in the word is omitted. EG mouse- [aʊs]

Initial consonant adjunction

A consonant is added pre word initial vowels. EG in- [dɪn]

Vocalic support of final consonants

A vowel (full or off-glide) is added after the target pronunciation to support the final consonant. EG cat- [kætə]

Intrusive consonants

non initial consonant adjunction intrusion. EG duck- [dʌŋk]

Non CC vowel insertion

Inserted vowel not into consonant cluster. EG place- [pleɪəs]

Syllable insertion

combination of intrusive consonants and non cc vowel insertion but can include making non-syllabic consonants unexpectedly syllabic.

Glottal insertion

Glottal stops inserted before other consonants. EG mess- [meʔs]

Uncommon consonant cluster reduction patterns

1.Plosive + approximant- approximant retained.
2.Fricative + approximant- fricative usually retained.
3./s/ + plosive- /s/ retained.
4./s/ + nasal- /s/ retained.
5. /s/ + plosive + approximant- non-plosive retention.

Migration

A sound is moved from one position to another. EG soap- [əʊps]

Intervocalic consonant deletion (IVCD)

A consonant between vowels is omitted. eg water- [ɯɔə]

Word medial onset consonant deletion

ICD but applied to onsets within words. EG undo- [ʌnˈu]

Strong syllable deletion

A strong syllable is omitted. EG elephant- [ɪfənt]

Stopping

1.Fricatives + Affricates realised as plosives
2.Labiodentals as bilabials
3.Dentals as bilabials
4.Alveolar/post alveolars/palatoalveolars as alveolars
(suppressed by 2;06-3 for early acquired fricatives but as late as 5 for /θ/+/ð/)

Fronting

Velar/post alveolar/palatoalveolar consonants realised as alveolars. (suppressed by 2:06-3 but can be as late as 3:06)

Gliding of liquids

Target /l/ or /ɹ/ realised as [j] or [w]. (Suppressed between 2-5) EG red- [wed]

Context-sensitive voicing

1.Voiced-voiceless- all WI obstruents voiced WF obstruents voiceless.
2.WI voicing- nearly all WI obstruents voiced but targets voicing contrast seemingly retained WF.
3.Voicing WW- voiced+voiceless contrast retained WI+WF but only ever voiced WW.
4. Devoicing WF- opposite of WI voicing, nearly all target WF obstruents realised as voiceless.
(suppressed by age 3)

Deaffrication

Target affricates realised as fricatives. EG chip- [ʃɪp]

Consonant harmony

All consonants in a word, usually in the same syllable are harmonised to share phonetic characteristics often POA, less often MOA. (Suppressed around 3:09)

Metathesis

The order of consonants is switched. eg helicopter- [hekɪlɒptə]

Affrication of fricatives

Target fricatives realised as homorganic fricatives. EG sun- [tsun]

Gliding of intervocalic fricatives

Fricatives between 2 vowels glide to [j] or[w]. EG fishing- [fɪjɪn]

Labialization of shared MOA (dentals and alveolars)

Target dentals or alveolars realised labially, only typical if MOA is retained. EG three- [fɹi]

Alveolarization with shared MOA (labials and dentals)

Target dentals or labials are realised as alveolar. EG beg- [deɡ]

Glottal replacement (of consonants other than final or intervocalic /t/)

Target consonant replaced by glottal stops. EG fish- [fɪʔ]

Backing

Atypical simplification, target alveolar consonants realised as velar in the absence of influencing velar consonant. EG door- [ɡɔ]

Palatalization

The shifting of non-palatoalveolar fricatives or affricates (usual alveolar but not always) to the palatoalveolar POA. EG zebra- [dʒebɹə]

Stopping of glides and liquids

Target glide or liquid consonants stopped as plosives. EG yes- [des]

Glide interchange

Confusing /j/+/w/. EG yawn- [wɔn]

Liquid interchange

Confusing /l/+/ɹ/. EG red- [led]

Gliding

Target affricates or non-intervocalic fricatives realised as glides. EG chip- [jɪp]

Favoured sound

Systematic replacement of groups of sounds with a favoured one.

Affrication of plosives

Target plosives realised as affricates. EG tea- [tsi] (Typically until 3)

Affrication of liquids

A liquid consonant is realised as an affricate.

Denasalization

Homorganic plosive used for target nasals. EG moon- [bud] (Typical until 2:06)

Nasalisation

Non-nasal consonant realised as homorganic nasal. EG wet- [met]

Labialization

Target sounds made labial.

Alveolarization without shared MOA

target sounds alveolar and the MOA changes without another typical explanation.

Fricatives replacing stops

Realisation of plosives as homorganic fricatives. EG pan- [fæn]

Fricatives replacing liquids/glides

Realisation of target liquids and/or glides as fricatives. EG loud- [saʊd]

Liquid replacement

Target consonants realised as /l, ɹ/.
can be glides- EG you- [lu]
fricatives- EG shoe- [lu]
or nasals- eg no- [ɹəʊ]

Dissimilation

identical consonants in the same word are realised as dissimilar. EG tent- [demp]

Perservation

A consonant perservated over several syllables. EG lipstick- [lɪptɪp]

Tetism

Target /f/ realised as [t] or [d]. EG farm- [dɑm]

Atypical voicing

Process which falls outside of those in the typical grid such as devoicing WI stops. EG zoo- [su]

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All phonetic transcriptions

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For phonological distinctions

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Targets

̃

Nasalisation

̥

Devoicing

ʰ

Aspirated

=

Unaspirated

̚

No audible release

ˡ

lateral release

ⁿ

Nasal release

̟

Advancement/fronting

̪

Denatlisation

̠

Retraction

̝

Raising

(.)

Pause

́

High rise

̀

High fall

̌

Fall rise

̂

Rise fall

̄

Level

,

Low rise

ˑ

Half long

ː

Long

̌

Shortened

ːː

Very long

ʔ

Glottal reinforcement

ʷ

labialisation

ʲ

Palatalisation

ˠ

Velarisation

[ l ]

Clear [l]

[ lˠ ]

Dark [l]

[ l̥ ]

Devoiced [l]

[ lʷ ]

labialised [l]

[ l̪ˠ ]

Denatllized, Dark [l]

[ l̠ˠ ]

Retracted, dark [l]

[ l̃ˠ ]

Nasalised, dark [l]

[ l̩ˠ ]

Syllabic [l]

[ ̥l̩ˠ ]

devoiced, syllabic, dark [l]

[.]

Syllable break

(.)

short pause

(..)

medium pause

(...)

long pause

Allegro

fast

Lento

slow

Crescendo

Louder

P

Quite

PP

very quiet