Pathology Final Exam Review

ARDS

life-threatening pathology, leading to leakage of fluid into the interstitial space

increase technique

Asthma

widespread narrowing of airways due to stimuli; makes expiration difficult

decrease technique

Atelectasis

collapse of lung tissue

increase technique

COPD

encompasses several conditions which lead to ineffective exchange of respiratory gases

increase technique

Hyaline membrane disease

respiratory distress of newborn; airless alveoli and rapid respirations

increase technique

TB

chronic infection of lungs caused by rod-shaped bacterium

increase technique

Pneumoconiosis

caused by inhaling irritating particulates from environment or workplace

increase technique

Pneumonia

inflammation of lungs caused by bacteria or viruses

increase technique

Pneumothorax

air in pleural space that causes lungs to collapse

decrease technique

Chronic bronchitis

chronic inflammation of bronchi leading to increase of mucus production

increase technique

Croup

viral, pediatric infection that causes inflammation of the subglottic area

Cystic fibrosis

inherited condition; increased mucus secretion in lungs & bronchi

increase technique

Pleural effusion

accumulation of fluid in intra-pleural space

increase technique

Empyema

pus in pleural space

increase technique

Greenstick fracture

incomplete fracture with portion of cortex intact

Osgood Schlatter’s Disease

pediatric disease causing inflammation around the area of tibial tuberosity

Bone cyst

fluid-filled sacs within fibrous bone tissue

decrease technique

Bursitis

inflammation of bursa

increase technique

Ewing’s sarcoma

malignant; destructive bone tumor

decrease technique

Colle’s fracture

transverse fracture through distal radius

Compression fracture

compaction of the bone

subluxation

partial loss of continuity of joint

Spina bifida/meningocele

failure of vertebral arches to form properly, with associated soft tissue mass

no technique change

Congenital hip dysplasia

incomplete acetabulum formation

no change in technique

osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone & marrow caused by variety of infectious organisms

decrease technique

osteomalacia

abnormal softening of bones in adults

decrease technique

Paget’s disease

osteitis deformans; disruptive process

nonmetabolic bone disease causing bone destruction and unorganized bone repair

areas that are easier to penetrate are adjacent to areas that are harder making imaging difficult

Rheumatoid arthritis

inflammation & joint swelling

increase technique

Spondylolysis

defect in pars inter-articularis without displacement

Rickets

soft, pliable bones in pediatric patients

decrease technique

Comminuted fracture

multiple bone fragments

Osteoporosis

mass of bone per unit volume is decreased in amount but normal in composition (same structure, just less of it)

decrease technique

Osteopetrosis

increased bone density, inherited

increase technique

Multiple myeloma

widespread malignancy of plasma cells associated with bone destruction

decrease technique

Volvulus

twisting of bowel that may cause obstruction

increase due to contrast

Cancer of the esophagus

malignant neoplasm of esophagus, imaged during barium swallow study

increase due to contrast

Chron’s disease

inflammatory disorder usually involving the ileum

aka regional enteritis

increase due to contrast

Diverticulosis

presence of herniations through the wall of the colon

Esophageal varices

varicose veins at distal end of esophagus

increase due to contrast

Intussusception

prolapse of one segment of bowel into another section of bowel (telescoping)

increase due to contrast

Ileus

mechanical or adynamic; intestinal obstruction

increase due to contrast

Cholelithiasis

gallstones

increase due to contrast

Gastritis

inflammation of stomach mucosa

increase due to contrast

Hiatal hernia

portion of stomach protrudes through diaphragm

Pyloric stenosis

narrowing of pyloric sphincter

Ulcerative colitis

severe inflammation of colon and rectum; characterized by ulceration

increase due to contrast

Diverticulitis

inflammation of pouch-like herniations of colon wall

increase due to contrast

Annular carcinoma

“apple-core” pattern on BE study

increase due to contrast

Cystitis

inflammation of urinary bladder

polycystic kidney disease

enlarged kidneys containing numerous fluid-filled cysts

increase technique

Glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney

Pyelonephritis

inflammation of renal pelvis and parenchyma

Renal calculus

kidney stones

harder to penetrate stones, but overall no change in technique

Carcinoma of the bladder

seen as solid mass arising from bladder wall

increase technique

Renal carcinoma

solid mass cancer that causes renal bulging or enlargement

may need to increase technique

Renal cyst

fluid filled mass in kidney

increase technique

Wilm’s tumor

malignant cancer of kidney in children

increase technique

what pathology does this image show

polycystic kidney disease

what pathology does this image show

pneumothorax