pharmacognosy 2 Bouhidel Ahmed Amine

Phenolic glycosides

Uvae ursi folium

Species: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi

Family: Ericaceae

Common name: Bearberry leaf

Main compounds: Arbutin, methyl arbutin, tannins, flavonoids

Effects: Urinary antiseptic, astringent, mild diuretic

Uses: Urinary tract infections, cystitis

Phenolic glycosides

Vitis idaeae folium

Species: Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Family: Ericaceae

Common name: Lingonberry leaf

Main compounds: Arbutin, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids

Effects: Urinary antiseptic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory

Uses: Urinary tract infections, kidney disorders

Phenolic glycosides

Salicis cortex

Species: Salix alba

Family: Salicaceae

Common name: Willow bark

Main compounds: Salicin, salicylates, flavonoids, tannins

Effects: Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory

Uses: Fever, mild pain, rheumatic conditions

Phenolic glycosides

Populi gemma

Species: Populus nigra

Family: Salicaceae

Common name: Poplar buds

Main compounds: Flavonoids, phenolic glycosides, essential oils, resins

Effects: Anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, expectorant

Uses: Respiratory tract infections, skin conditions

Phenolic glycosides

Vanillae fructus

Species: Vanilla planifolia

Family: Orchidaceae

Common name: Vanilla fruit

Main compounds: Vanillin, phenolic compounds, essential oils

Effects: Aromatic, mild antioxidant, flavoring agent

Uses: Food flavoring, mild digestive support, aromatherapy

Phenolic acids derivatives

Cynarae folium

• Species: Cynara scolymus

• Family: Asteraceae

• Common name: Artichoke leaf

• Main compounds: Cynarin, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids

• Effects: Choleretic, cholagogue, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic

• Uses: Dyspepsia, liver disorders, hypercholesterolemia

Flavonoids

Styphnolobii flos

• Species: Styphnolobium japonicum

• Family: Fabaceae

• Common name: Sophora flower

• Main compounds: Rutin, quercetin

• Effects: Capillary protection, venotonic, anti-inflammatory

• Uses: Hemorrhoids, venous insufficiency

Flavonoids

Ginkgo bilobae folium

• Species: Ginkgo biloba

• Family: Ginkgoaceae

• Common name: Ginkgo leaf

• Main compounds: Flavonoids, ginkgolides, bilobalide

• Effects: Improves cerebral/peripheral circulation, antioxidant, anti-platelet

• Uses: Dementia, vertigo, tinnitus, peripheral vascular disease

Flavonoids

Crataegi folium / fructus

• Species: Crataegus monogyna, C. laevigata

• Family: Rosaceae

• Common name: Hawthorn leaf/fruit

• Main compounds: Flavonoids, oligomeric procyanidins

• Effects: Cardiotonics, vasodilator, mild hypotensive, anti-arrhythmic

• Uses: Mild heart failure, coronary insufficiency, hyperlipidemia

Flavonoids

Cardui mariae fructus

• Species: Silybum marianum

• Family: Asteraceae

• Common name: Milk thistle fruit

• Main compounds: Silymarin (silibinin, silychristin, silydianin)

• Effects: Hepatoprotective, antioxidant, membrane stabilizing

• Uses: Liver toxicity, hepatitis, cirrhosis support

Flavonoids

Myrtilli fructus

• Species: Vaccinium myrtillus

• Family: Ericaceae

• Common name: Bilberry

• Main compounds: Anthocyanins, tannins

• Effects: Capillary protection, antioxidant, microcirculation improvement

• Uses: Diabetic retinopathy, venous insufficien

Flavonoids

Betulae folium

• Species: Betula pendula, B. pubescens

• Family: Betulaceae

• Common name: Birch leaf

• Main compounds: Flavonoids (hyperoside), triterpenes

• Effects: Diuretic, anti-inflammatory

• Uses: UTI, kidney flushing, rheumatism

Flavonoids

Maydis stigmata

• Species: Zea mays

• Family: Poaceae

• Common name: Corn silk

• Main compounds: Flavonoids, saponins, potassium salts

• Effects: Diuretic, demulcent, mild antihypertensive

• Uses: Cystitis, edema, urinary irritation

Flavonoids

Cerasi stipites

• Species: Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus

• Family: Rosaceae

• Common name: Cherry stalks

• Main compounds: Flavonoids, potassium salts, tannins

• Effects: Diuretic, uricosuric

• Uses: Edema, gout, urinary flushing

Tannins

Querci cortex

• Species: Quercus robur, Q. petraea

• Family: Fagaceae

• Common name: Oak bark

• Main compounds: Tannins (catechins, procyanidins)

• Effects: Astringent, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory

• Uses: Diarrhea, skin inflammation, hemorrhoids

Tannins

Gei rhizoma

• Species: Geum urbanum

• Family: Rosaceae

• Common name: Avens root

• Main compounds: Tannins, eugenol derivatives

• Effects: Astringent, antimicrobial

• Uses: Diarrhea, oral inflammation

Tannins

Hamamelidis folium

• Species: Hamamelis virginiana

• Family: Hamamelidaceae

• Common name: Witch hazel leaf

• Main compounds: Hamamelitannins, flavonoids

• Effects: Astringent, venotonic, anti-inflammatory

• Uses: Hemorrhoids, varicose veins, skin irritation

Jaborandi folium

• Species: Pilocarpus jaborandi

• Family: Rutaceae

• Common name: Jaborandi leaf

• Main compounds: Pilocarpine

• Effects: Parasympathomimetic, sialagogue, diaphoretic, miosis

• Uses: Glaucoma, xerostomia

Coffea semen

• Species: Coffea arabica, C. canephora

• Family: Rubiaceae

• Common name: Coffee bean

• Main compounds: Caffeine, chlorogenic acids

• Effects: CNS stimulant, diuretic, bronchodilator

• Uses: Fatigue, drowsiness

Cacao semen

• Species: Theobroma cacao

• Family: Malvaceae

• Common name: Cocoa bean

• Main compounds: Theobromine, caffeine, flavonoids

• Effects: Mild stimulant, vasodilator, cardiotonic

• Uses: Fatigue, cardiovascular support

Theae folium

• Species: Camellia sinensis

• Family: Theaceae

• Common name: Tea leaf

• Main compounds: Caffeine, catechins, theaflavins

• Effects: CNS stimulant, antioxidant, mild diuretic

• Uses: Alertness, fatigue

Colae semen

• Species: Cola nitida, Cola acuminata

• Family: Malvaceae

• Common name: Kola nut

• Main compounds: Caffeine, theobromine

• Effects: CNS stimulant, cardiac stimulant

• Uses: Fatigue, mental exhaustion

Symphyti radix

• Species: Symphytum officinale

• Family: Boraginaceae

• Common name: Comfrey root

• Main compounds: Allantoin, pyrrolizidine alkaloids

• Effects: Wound healing, anti-inflammatory (but hepatotoxic internally)

• Uses: External wound healing only

Chinae cortex

Species: Cinchona officinalis (and related Cinchona spp.)

Family: Rubiaceae

Common name: Cinchona bark

Main compounds: Quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, cinchonidine

Effects: Antimalarial, antipyretic, bitter tonic

Uses: Malaria, fever, appetite stimulation

Secale cornutum

Species: Claviceps purpurea (fungus on Secale cereale)

Family: Clavicipitaceae

Common name: Ergot

Main compounds: Ergotamine, ergometrine, ergot alkaloids

Effects: Vasoconstrictor, uterotonic

Uses: Migraine, postpartum hemorrhage

Vincae minoris herba

Species: Vinca minor

Family: Apocynaceae

Common name: Lesser periwinkle herb

Main compounds: Vincamine, tannins, flavonoids

Effects: Cerebral vasodilator, mild hypotensive

Uses: Cerebral circulation disorders, memory support

Vincae roseae herba

Species: Catharanthus roseus (Vinca rosea)

Family: Apocynaceae

Common name: Madagascar periwinkle herb

Main compounds: Vincristine, vinblastine, alkaloids

Effects: Cytostatic, antineoplastic

Uses: Leukemia, lymphoma, cancer chemotherapy

Ephedrae herba

Species: Ephedra sinica and related spp.

Family: Ephedraceae

Common name: Ephedra herb / Ma huang

Main compounds: Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine

Effects: Bronchodilator, stimulant, vasoconstrictor

Uses: Asthma, nasal congestion, hypotension

Capsici fructus

Species: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens

Family: Solanaceae

Common name: Capsicum / Chili pepper

Main compounds: Capsaicin, carotenoids

Effects: Rubefacient, analgesic, stimulant

Uses: Muscle pain, neuralgia, appetite stimulation

Papaveris immaturi fructus

Species: Papaver somniferum

Family: Papaveraceae

Common name: Immature poppy capsules / Opium poppy

Main compounds: Morphine, codeine, papaverine, noscapine

Effects: Analgesic, sedative, antitussive

Uses: Severe pain, cough suppression, diarrhea

Hydrastidis rhizoma

Species: Hydrastis canadensis

Family: Ranunculaceae

Common name: Goldenseal rhizome

Main compounds: Berberine, hydrastine, canadine

Effects: Antimicrobial, bitter tonic, astringent

Uses: Gastrointestinal disorders, mucosal inflammation

Berberidis cortex

Species: Berberis vulgaris

Family: Berberidaceae

Common name: Barberry bark

Main compounds: Berberine, berbamine

Effects: Antimicrobial, cholagogue, bitter tonic

Uses: Digestive disorders, liver and biliary complaints

Ipecacuanhae radix

Species: Carapichea ipecacuanha (Cephaelis ipecacuanha)

Family: Rubiaceae

Common name: Ipecac root

Main compounds: Emetine, cephaeline

Effects: Expectorant, emetic

Uses: Productive cough, poisoning (historically)

Chelidonii herba

Species: Chelidonium majus

Family: Papaveraceae

Common name: Greater celandine herb

Main compounds: Chelidonine, sanguinarine, alkaloids

Effects: Spasmolytic, cholagogue

Uses: Biliary disorders, gastrointestinal spasms

Colchici bulbus

Species: Colchicum autumnale

Family: Colchicaceae

Common name: Meadow saffron bulb

Main compounds: Colchicine

Effects: Anti-inflammatory, antimitotic

Uses: Gout, familial Mediterranean fever

Colchici semen

Species: Colchicum autumnale

Family: Colchicaceae

Common name: Meadow saffron seeds

Main compounds: Colchicine

Effects: Anti-inflammatory, antimitotic

Uses: Gout treatment

Belladonnae folium

Species: Atropa belladonna

Family: Solanaceae

Common name: Belladonna leaf

Main compounds: Atropine, hyoscyamine, scopolamine

Effects: Anticholinergic, antispasmodic, mydriatic

Uses: Gastrointestinal spasms, ophthalmology, motion sickness

Belladonnae radix

Species: Atropa belladonna

Family: Solanaceae

Common name: Belladonna root

Main compounds: Atropine, hyoscyamine

Effects: Anticholinergic, antispasmodic

Uses: Colic, spasms, preanesthetic medication

Stramonii folium

Species: Datura stramonium

Family: Solanaceae

Common name: Thorn apple leaf / Jimsonweed leaf

Main compounds: Atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine

Effects: Bronchodilator, antispasmodic

Uses: Asthma (historically), spasmodic disorders

Hyoscyami folium

Species: Hyoscyamus niger

Family: Solanaceae

Common name: Henbane leaf

Main compounds: Hyoscyamine, scopolamine

Effects: Sedative, antispasmodic, anticholinergic

Uses: Gastrointestinal spasms, motion sickness, sedation

Cocae folium

Species: Erythroxylum coca

Family: Erythroxylaceae

Common name: Coca leaf

Main compounds: Cocaine, ecgonine alkaloids

Effects: Stimulant, local anesthetic

Uses: Local anesthesia (historically/medically), fatigue reduction in traditional use