APCSP.Review - Global Impact

Computing innovation

a new method, idea, or product that includes a computer or program code as an integral part of its functionality

Email

messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network

SMS

a system that enables mobile phone users to send and receive text messages; stands for short message service

Chat

a real-time communication via keyboard between two or more users on a local network (LAN) or over the Internet; can also be video

Video conferencing

a technology that allows users in different locations to hold face-to-face meetings without having to move to a single location together

Social media

forms of electronic communication usually via websites or apps through which users create online profiles and communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content

Cloud computing

the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal computer

Dissemination

the act of spreading something, especially information, widely; circulation

Public data

the idea that some data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control

GPS

a global system of U.S. navigational satellites developed to provide precise positional and velocity data and global time synchronization for air, sea, and land travel; stands for Global Positioning System; also describes devices that use this system

Sensor network

a group of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors for monitoring and recording the physical conditions of the environment and organizing the collected data at a central location

"Smart" technology

products or gadgets that are able to connect, share and interact with their users and other smart devices, usually through a network, and sometimes benefiting from cloud storage and cloud processing

World Wide Web

an information system on the Internet that allows documents to be connected to other documents by hypertext links, enabling the user to search for information by moving from one document to another; a subset of the Internet

e-commerce

commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet

Productivity

a measure of the efficiency of a person, machine, factory, system, etc., in converting inputs into useful outputs

Distributed computing

the use of multiple computers (sometimes geographically dispersed) to solve a single large problem by breaking it down into several tasks where each task is computed by individual computers and the results are reported back to a main computer

Citizen science

the collection and analysis of data relating to the natural world by members of the general public, typically as part of a collaborative project with professional scientists

Human computation

a computer science technique in which a machine performs its function by outsourcing certain steps to humans

Digital collaboration

using digital technologies for collaboration

Crowdsourcing

the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers

Mobile computing

a generic term describing your ability to use technology 'untethered,' that is not physically connected, or in remote or mobile environments

Machine learning

an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed

Data mining

the process of collecting, searching through, and analyzing a large amount of data in a database, as to discover patterns or relationships

Scientific computing

the collection of tools, techniques, and theories required to solve on a computer mathematical models of problems in Science and Engineering

Open Access

the practice of making peer-reviewed scholarly research and literature freely available online to anyone interested in reading it

Creative Commons license

a public license which allows the author of a copyrighted work to designate how the work can be used or distributed by the public

Moore's Law

an observation made by Intel co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965 that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every two years since their invention and would continue to do so

Commercial access

Download

to transfer the copy of a file from one computer to another over a network, typically over the Internet

Streaming

a method of transmitting or receiving data (especially video and audio material) over a computer network as a steady, continuous flow, allowing playback to start while the rest of the data is still being received

Peer-to-peer network

when two or more PCs are connected and share resources without going through a separate server computer

Authenticated access

the process of identifying an individual, usually based on a username and password, thereby granting the individual access to certain files, information, or services

Censorship

the suppression or prohibition of any parts of books, films, news, websites, etc. that are considered obscene, politically unacceptable, or a threat to security

Open source software

refers to any program whose source code is made available for use or modification as users or other developers see fit; usually developed as a public collaboration and made freely available

Software license

a legal document that governs the use and distribution of copyrighted software

Aggregation of information

a process in which information is gathered and presented in a summarized way

Anonymity

the quality or state of being unknown or unidentified

Proxy server

a computer system or router that breaks the connection between sender and receiver; it functions as a relay between client and server and helps prevent an attacker from invading a private network; one part of a firewall.

Exploitation

an attack on a computer system that takes advantage of a vulnerability

Curation of information

the process of extracting information from non-digital sources and converting it into an electronic source

Targeted advertising

a form of marketing where sellers can use sophisticated methods to identify the most receptive audiences with certain traits and delivering ads only to those persons who are most likely to buy the sellers' products or services

Intellectual property

a work or invention that is the result of creativity, such as software, a manuscript or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc.

Copyright

a form of intellectual property that protects original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture

Digital Millennium Copyright Act

a U.S. law, enacted in 1998, that attempted to modernize copyright law in response to the Internet and the ease with which copyrighted material could be copied and distributed using modern technology

Innovations

new methods, ideas, and products

Wireless

using radio, microwaves, etc. (as opposed to wires or cables) to transmit signals

Digital Divide

a term that refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology, and those that don't or have restricted access

Socioeconomic

relating to or concerned with the interaction of social and economic factors.

Infrastructure

the "underlying structure" of a country and its economy, the fixed installations that it needs in order to function; includes roads, bridges, dams, the water and sewer systems, railways and subways, airports, and harbors

Commercial

engaged in business for the purpose of making a profit

Online databases/libraries

Primary source

firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art; includes historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches, and art objects

Secondary source

information created by someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions you're researching

Plagiarism

the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own

Credibility of sources

the extent to which information is accurate and trustworthy