NEW HMS TERM 2

what are 5 functions of the skeletal system

• support

• protection

• movement

• mineral storage

• blood cell production

explanation of skeletal system functions

support: provides a framework for the attachment of soft connective tissue, e.g. muscles 

Protection: protects internal organs, e.g. ribs protect the heart/lungs

Movement: when muscles contract they pull on bones and produce movement

Mineral storage: bones store calcium/phosphorus which are released when needed

Blood cell production: most blood cell formation occurs within the red blood marrow

definition of long bones

provide structural support, act as levers for movement, contain bone marrow for blood cell production, e.g. femur, humerus

definition of short bones

cube like, provide stability and support with little movement, absorb impact and distribute force, e.g. carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones)

definition of flat bones

flat, thin bones, protects vital organs, serve as attachment site for muscles (brain, skull, heart)

definition of irregular bones

complicated in shape, support body weight, protect spinal cord, allowed for specialised movements, e.g. vertebrae, pelvis

definition of seasmoid bones

small bones imbedded in the tendons where pressure develops, reduce friction, act as pulleys for tendons and improve joint efficiency, e.g. patella

explanation of the 3 joint types

Fibrous: bones have no joint cavity and are held together by strong connective tissue e,g skull

Cartilaginous: bones have no joint cavity and are held together by cartilage, e.g. vertebrae

Synovial: held together by ligaments and separated by synovial fluid in the joint cavity, e.g. hip and shoulder (ball and socket)

what are the 3 functions of the muscular system

• Provide movement to walk, jump. run, breathe, digest, excrete

• Provide stabilisation of posture and internal organs

• Generate heat to maintain body temperature

what is the skeletal muscle

attached to bones, moves the skeleton. Contraction is under control and movement of the muscle is voluntary e.g. biceps, tricep

what is the smooth muscle

located on walls of our internal structures, such as stomach, blood vessel, intestines, movement is involuntary

what is cardiac muscle

forms most of heart, muscle is striated, movement is involuntary

what are the two kinds of muscle fibres

• Slow twitch: contract slowly, produce less force, fatigue slowly, suited to aerobic events, e.g. triathlon

• Fast twitch: contracts quickly, produce deal of force, fatigue quick, suited anaerobic events, e.g. sprint

muscles can be categorised into 3 groups…

1. Agonists: muscles provide the main force that causes the desired movement (movers)

2. Antagonists: the muscle that opposes or reverses a movement (reactors)

3. Stabilisers: muscle that aids agonists by reducing unnecessary movement or undesired actions (fixators)

what are the 2 types of muscle contractions

1. Isotonic: concentric (contracting, shortening), eccentric (lengthening), involves movement 

2. Isometric: muscle contractions that occur with no movement, tensing, e.g planks

what are the 3 types of motion

• linear

• angular

• general

exolain the 3 types of motion

1. Linear: straight line movement All parts of body or object travel same distance, in same amount of time at same speed, e.g. freestyle swimmer, downhill skier

2. Angular: movement on axis of rotation, an imaginary line about which a body rotates

3. General: combination of angular and linear motion, e.g. general motion is an NRL prop running, deviating by stepping and spinning to avoid contact

what is the respiratory system

organs in system include nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), Bronchi (conduct air to site of the gaseous exchange) and lungs

what is the cardiovascular system

• Responsible for movement of blood. Blood carries energy, hormones, nutrients, heats, gases, has influence of movement efficiency/performance

what is the lymphatic system

• Responsible for movement of lymph back to cardiovascular system via lymph nodes, organs and ducts. Main function is cleaning of lymph in immune system

3 functions of the heart

• Delivers oxygen/nutrients to body

• Removes waste products from body

• Regulates body temperature

what is the CNS

• brain interprets sensory information, manages thought/emotions and coordinates movement

• spinal cord relays messages between brain and body, CNS works with the PNS to connect the brain to body’s extremities

energy systems explanation

Energy for ATP resynthesis comes from 3 energy systems, different in fatigue, duration, fuel and recovery rates, ATP-PC, Lactic acid, Aerobic system

ATP-PC system definition

Body’s immediate energy pathway, it fuels explosive, maximum effort movements in rapid durations by breaking down stored phosphates without requiring oxygen

ATP-PC’s fuel source and duration

• Fuel source: uses (PCR) stored in muscles, PCR breaks down, releasing energy that restores ATP, process continues until ATP stores deplete

• Duration: provides immediate energy for short, explosive bursts lasting up to 10-15 seconds, limited by the amount of PCR in the muscles

ATP-PC’s recovery rate, cause of fatigue, examples

• Recovery rate: 50% of PCR restored within 30 seconds, full replenishment in about 2 minutes 

• Examples of activity: 100m sprint, long jump, weightlifting

• Cause of fatigue: when PCR stores deplete, forcing use of slow twitch systems

Lactic acid/glycoctic system definition

provides sustained bursts of near peak power, an energy pathway that breaks down carbs to produce ATP anaerobically

lactic acid fuel source and duration

• Fuel source: uses glucose in the blood/glycogen in muscles, stores of glycogen are strictly limited, fuel source depletes during intense/continuous efforts

• Duration: dominant in high intensity effort lasting 30 seconds/2 minutes, efforts of repeated acceleration

lactic acid recovery rate, cause of fatigue, examples

• Recovery rate: 30-60 minutes, lactic acid diffuses into bloodstream, converted back into glycogen

• Examples of activity: 400m sprint, 100m swim, stop/go sports (AFL)

• Cause of fatigue: lactic acid buildup, lowers muscle PH, impairing contraction efficiency

2 roles of proper nutrition

• fuels body's energy systems, allowing for efficient recovery and maintained physiological processes such as muscle contractions, hormone production, temperature regulation

• Proper diets improve training outcomes, delays fatigue and support tissue repair

what are macronutrients

nutrients required in large quantities, each used in energy and recovery, examples are carbs, fats, proteins

what are micronutrients

vitamins and minerals, required in small amounts but are critical for muscle contraction, oxygen transport, and immune function

physiological responses+examples (2)

• Changes within organs/tissue when we start exercise, during increased activity, body adjusts to accommodate oxygen/nutrients supplied to muscles

• Some include heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, lactate levels, ventilation rate