PATHO: Reproductive Pathology (Female)

Describe **Endometriosis**

Endometrial **Tissue** from the uterus is **located Outside** its normal location

* Tissue may have been **pushed** backward through the fallopian tubes during __**Menstruation**__ or __**Carried by Blood or Lymph**__

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Endometriosis **Complications**

* Fibrosis
* Scarring
* Adhesions
* Infertility
* Dyspareunia

Endometriosis **Symptoms**

Depend on where the Ectopic Tissue is Located

* Pelvic Pain
* Abnormal Bleeding
* Dysmenorrhea
* Pain during Sex

Describe **Pelvic Inflammatory Disease** **(PID)**

Inflammation of the Pelvic Reproductive Organs as a result of Bacterial, Viral, Fungal or Parasitic Invasion

* Can Affect the Cervix, Endometrium, Fallopian Tubes and Ovaries

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease **Causes**

* Most Common cause is a STD including Gonorrhea and Chlamydia
* Streptococcal and Staphylococcal organisms enter Female Reproductive Tract after Abortion or Delivery due to lack of Sterilization

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease **Manifestations**

* **Leukorrhea** (white smelly discharge)


* Lower Abdominal Pain


* Fever from Infection
* Chills

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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease **Complications**

* Risk of Formation of Abscesses
* Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy
* Infertility from Adhesions
* Irregular Vaginal Bleeding
* Dysuria

Describe __**Breast Cancer**__

* Occurs in 1 out of 8 Women in the USA
* 50% are found in __**Upper Outer**__ Quadrant
* Leading cause of Cancer Death in Women

Breast Cancer __**Risk Factors**__

* Family History
* Menstrual History
* Reproductive History
* Radiation Exposure
* Never being Pregnant
* Having First Child after 35
* Having Menstrual Period start Early
* Menopause after 50

Breast Cancer __**Manifestations**__

* __**Hard Fixed Lump**__ in the Upper Outer Quadrant
* Nipple Retract and Skin Dimples
* __**Axillary**__ Lymph Nodes may be __**Swollen**__

Describe __**Ovarian Cancer**__

* Common Site for Cancer
* Difficulty Detecting Tumor Early due to Deep position in the Pelvis
* Metastasis occur before there are Noticeable Symptoms
* Cause is Unknown

Ovarian Cancer __**Symptoms**__

* Abdominal & Pelvic Pain
* Weight Loss
* General Malaise
* Digestive Disturbances

Describe __**Amenorrhea**__

The __**Absence of Menstrual Periods**__

* Primary if it Fails to Begin
* Lack of Gonadotropic Hormones from Pituitary Gland Governed by the Brain
* Can be caused by Extreme Depression, Eating Disorders, Excessive Exercise, and Deplete Body Fat

Describe __**Dysmenorrhea**__

__**Painful or Difficult Menses**__

* Caused by Pelvic Infections and Endometriosis
* Symptoms: Dull to Severe Pelvic and Lower Back Pain that may Radiate to other areas

Describe __**Menorrhagia**__

__**Excessive**__ or __**Prolonged**__ **Bleeding** during __**Menstruation**__

* __**Caused**__ by __**Tumors**__ in the Uterus, __**Pelvic Inflammatory Disease**__ or __**Endocrine Imbalance**__
* Can result from __**Failure to Ovulate**__
* If __**Corpus Luteum is not Formed**__, __**Progesterone is Not Secreted**__ and Estrogen continues to stimulate __**Endometrial Thickening**__

Describe __**Metrorrhagia**__

__**Bleeding Between Menstrual Periods**__ or Extreme __**Irregularity of Cycle**__

* Caused by Abnormal Build up and Sloughing of Endometrial Tissue
* Hormone Imbalance or Endometrial Response to hormones maybe Incorrect