Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Metabolic Alkalosis Lecture Notes

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering metabolic alkalosis, water distribution, fluid compartments, and electrolyte transport mechanisms based on the lecture transcript.

Metabolic Alkalosis

A condition characterized by the gain of bicarbonate or the excessive excretion of acid.

Kidney Body Response

When a larger pH adjustment is required, the kidney works over a longer period to return the body to a normal pH.

Mechanism by Diuretics

Diuretics cause a loss of potassium in the urine, which stimulates the kidneys to excrete $H^+$ to save $K^+$, raising the pH above $7.45$.

Water weight (General)

Water accounts for $50-70\%$ of an individual's weight.

Water weight (Infants)

Infants are referred to as "water bags," with water accounting for $65-80\%$ of their weight.

Blood Water Composition

Blood is composed of $80-83\%$ water.

Water Absorption

Most water is absorbed through the large intestine, crossing intestinal walls into capillaries to enter the bloodstream.

Electrolytes

Solutes that are dissolveable in body fluids and gain an electrical charge ($Na^+$ vs $Cl^-$) when dissolved in water.

Nonelectrolytes

Solutes such as glucose or urea that do not create an electrical charge.

Intracellular Space (ICF)

The body fluid compartment where $2/3$ of fluids are located inside the cells.

Extracellular Space (ECF)

The body fluid compartment where the remaining $1/3$ of fluid is located outside the cell.

Intravascular fluid

A minor compartment of extracellular fluid located within veins and blood vessels, consisting of the liquid portion of blood (plasma).

Interstitial fluid

Extracellular fluid located between cells and outside blood vessels; excess fluid in this space is called edema.

Transcellular fluid

A minor compartment of extracellular fluid secreted from epithelial cells, including cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), GI, parateneal, and senovial fluids.

Third spacing

Occurs when fluid moves into an area and becomes physiologically unavailable, such as the peritoneal space, pericardial space, or vesicles/blisters from burn wounds.

Cations

Positively charged particles formed when mineral salts dissolve in water, including $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$.

Anions

Negatively charged particles formed when mineral salts dissolve in water, including $Cl^-$, $HCO_3^-$, and $PO_4^{3-}$.

ICF Major Cation and Anion

The major cation is $K^+$ and the major anions are Proteins and Phosphate ($PO_4^{3-}$).

ECF Major Cation and Anions

The major cation is $Na^+$ and the major anions are Chloride ($Cl^-$) and Bicarbonate ($HCO_3^-$).

Electrolyte concentration units

Measured in milli equivalents/Liter ($mEq/L$), millimoles/Liter ($mmol/L$), or milligrams/liter ($mg/l$).

Osmolality

The concentration of a liquid determined by the number of solutes present in the solvent.

Diffusion

The passive movement of electrolytes or particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Active Transport

A process requiring $ATP$ (energy) where molecules move against the gradient from an area of low concentration to high concentration.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

An active transport mechanism where $3$ sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and replaced by $2$ potassium ions.