Chapter 6 Human Anatomy

tendon

cord-like that attach muscle to bone

Aponeuroses

sheet-like that attach muscle to bone

contractility

is the ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received.

irritability

is the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

Isometric

tension increases / muscle does not shorten

Isotonic

muscle shortens / myofilaments slide past each other

Acetylcholine

neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle

Endomysium

around individual muscle fiber

Epimysium

around entire skeletal muscle

Perimysium

around bundle of muscle fibers

Lactic acid is produced in glycolysis and produces muscle fatigue.It is removed by increased oxygen.

In fused tetanus, there is no evidence of relaxation

Skeletal

voluntary, striated

Cardiac

involuntary, striated

Smooth

involuntary, not striated

The sarcomere is the contracting unit of a muscle fiber. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a type of smooth ER that secretes calcium ions.

Thick filaments are myosin. Thin filaments are actin.

Creatine phosphate is a high energy molecule. It transfers energy to ADP to regenerate ATP. Creatine phosphate supplies are exhausted in 20 seconds.

The sliding filament theory is when the myosin heads attach to binding sites on the thin filaments and the sliding begins.

The neuromuscular junction is the association site of the nerve and the muscle. The synaptic cleft is the space filled with interstitial fluid between the nerve and the muscle.

A muscle contraction is "all or none" because once the contraction starts it cannot stop. This refers to muscle fibers not the whole muscle.

Movement, posture, joint stabilization, heat

Prime mover

muscle doing the majority of the work

Antagonist

muscle that is opposite the prime mover

Synergist

helps the prime mover and prevents rotation

Fixator

stabilizes the prime mover

Dorsiflexion ( BOTH ARE UP AND DOWN MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE)

standing on heels / toes to ceiling

Plantar flexion (BOTH ARE UP AND DOWN MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT AND ANKLE)

pointing toes

Opposition

moving the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand

Aerobic respiration is when glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide for energy in the presence of oxygen. It accounts for 95% of ATP used for muscle activity is created by this process.

Anaerobic glycolysis is when glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid without the presence of oxygen.

Creatine phosphate is a high energy molecule that transfers energy to ADP to recreate ATP.