Last test before final Bio

Most simple invertebrates obtain their oxygen by diffusion directly from the surrounding

A. mud

B. water

C. blood

D. air

B. water

Fish and crustaceans are similar in that both use _____________ for gas exchange.

A. tracheal tubes

B. lungs

C. the moisture surface of their skin

D. gills

E. the walls of the mantel

D. gills

Which step in the respiratory process of mammals requires the most energy?

A. exhalation

B. transport of oxygen across the walls of the alveoli

C. inhalation

D. binding of oxygen to hemoglobin

E. transport of carbon dioxide across the walls of the alveoli

F. activity of carbonic anhydrase in the lungs

C. inhalation

Each breath is initiated by neurons in the "respiratory control center" located in the

A. spinal cord

B. cerebellum

C. larynx

D. carotid body

E. medulla oblongata

E. medulla oblongata.

In tissue capillaries, __________ combines with water to form carbonic acid, which after being transported to the lungs, dissociates back to its constituents.

A. CO2

B. O2

C. H2CO3

D. hemoglobin

E. HCO3-

A. CO2

Chemoreceptors located in the aortic and carotid bodies stimulate the respiratory control center in the brain when the blood __________ decreases.

A. pH

B. PO2

C. PCO2

D. hemoglobin concentrartion

E. HCO3 concentration

A. pH

The general term that describes the uptake of oxygen from the environment and the disposal of carbon dioxide at the body system level is

A. inspiration

B. diffusion

C. respiration

D. cellular respiration

E. exhalation

C. respirartion

The exchange of gases across a respiratory surface always occurs by

A. bulk flow

B. facilitated transport

C. diffusion

D. active transport

E. osmosis

C. diffusion

The most efficient lungs with respect to oxygen uptake are found in this group of vertebrates.

A. amphibians

B. birds

C. fish

D. mammals

E. reptiles

B. birds

The oxygen content of dry air in the atmosphere

A. is about 78.1%

B. is about 0.03%

C. values depending on the altitude

D. is about 21.0%

E. is inversely proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen

D. is about 21.0%.

Fick's law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane depends on all of the following except

A. the width of the membrane

B. which membrane transport proteins are present

C. the size of the gas molecule

D. the membrane surface area

E. the concentration difference of the gas on the two sides of the membrane

B. which membrane transport proteins are present.

The principal reason(s) for why gills were replaced with different types of respiratory organs in terrestrial animals is (are)

I-tissues and organs are less buoyant in air than in water.

II-countercurrent exchange is not very efficient at maximizing blood oxygenation levels.

III-water diffuses into air through evaporation.

A. just I

B. I and III

C. I, II, and III

D. just II

E. II and III

B. I and III

The external gills of an adult axolotl are not as efficient as fish gills because___________.

A. blood flows through the axolotl gills more slowly than through fish gills

B. water flows over the axolotl gills at many different angles

C. axolotl gills are not highly branches

D. axolotl are covered by thick layers of cells

E. axolotl are slow swimmers and all the fish swim fast to ventilate their gills

B. water flows over the axolotl gills at many different angles

Where a given species of vertebrate lives has dramatically shaped the evolution of respiratory adaptations, particularly since the oxygen concentration in air is approximately 20 times that of the oxygen concentration in water. Per unit area of gas exchange surface, which group of vertebrates can extract the greatest total amount of oxygen from the external medium?

A. fish

B. mammals

C. reptiles

D. amphibians

E. birds

E. birds

Four-year old Sammy is having a temper-tantrum. In a final attempt to get his way, he yells to his mom, "I'm gonna hold my breath 'til I die!" What is the primary reason that Sammy's mom is unconcerned by this statement?

A. It is possible for Sammy to control the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles since they are made up of smooth muscle

B. As Sammy holds his breath the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in his blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in his brain

C. Sammy is too young to hold his breath for more than 30 seconds

D. As Sammy holds his breath the decreasing levels of oxygen in his blood will lead to the stimulation of the respiratory control center in his brain

B. As Sammy holds his breath, the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in his blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in his brain.

When is the PO2 an especially strong stimulant of the respiratory control center in the brain of healthy individuals?

A. while hyperventilating

B. while free diving to a coral reef 60 feet below the surface of the sea

C. while climbing to the summit of the Mt. Everest

D. while hypoventilating

E. while running a bad race along the shoreline of Vancouver

C. while climbing to the summit of Mt. Everest

Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood?

A. pulmonary veins

B. systemic veins (such as the femoral vein in your leg)

C. pulmonary arteries

A. pulmonary veins

What is the likely outcome if you were able to force water through fish gills in the opposite direction to how it normally flows over the gills?

A. The blood oxygen concentration will not be able to exceed 50%

B. The direction of blood flow would reverse through the gills to compensate for the reverse direction of water flow

C. There would be no effect and maximal oxygenation of blood will still occur

D. The movement of carbon dioxide from the blood into the water would increase

E. Gas exchange would be inhibited and movement of oxygen into the blood will cease

A. The blood's oxygen concentration would not be able to exceed 50%.

What change would increase the rate of oxygen diffusing from lung alveoli into the blood?

A. A decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli

B. an increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood entering the lungs

C. An increase in the humidity of the air in the lungs

D. A decrease in the pH of the blood entering the lungs

E. an increase in the hemoglobin concentration of the red blood cells

E. An increase in the hemoglobin concentration of the red blood cells

One possible reason that there are not any really large insects currently living on Earth is that

A. They are girls do not have as many lamellae as fish gills

B. gas exchange across their moist skin surfaces cannot support the metabolic needs of a large body

C. The bulk flow of air through their tracheal tube's would be more difficult the larger the body and longer the tracheal tubes

D. Their lungs never evolved to be as highly branched as mammals

E. They do not have as many papulae as echinogerms

C. the bulk flow of air through their tracheal tubes would be more difficult the larger the body and longer the tracheal tubes.

During your dissection of a fish, what structure would you have to remove to see the gills?

A. trachea

B. jaw bone

C. spiracle

D. glottis

E. operculum

E. operculum

In the countercurrent exchange in a fish's gills, the oxygen concentration is always _______ in the water than the blood along the entire pathway of each lamella.

A. higher

B. lower

C. the same

A. higher

Which of these animals uses positive pressure breathing?

A. mammals

B. birds

C. amphibians

D. reptiles

C. amphibians

Which group of animals has one-way flow of air through its lungs, whereas all the others have tidal flow?

A. amphibians

B. reptiles

C. birds

D. mammals

C. birds

During an asthma attack, allergens trigger the release of histamine, which causes severe constriction of the __________________.

A. larynx

B. pleural cavity

C. trachea

D. Bronchi

E. rib cage

D. bronchi

The gas exchange surfaces in a mammalian lung are organized into structures that look like clusters of hollow grapes. The hollow, grape-like structures are the________________.

A. papulae

B. bronchi

C. lamellae

D. alveoli

E. spiracles

D. alveoli

The respiratory systems of fish and birds are similar in that both______________.

A. utilize air sacs

B. have similar partial pressures of oxygen in the environmental medium

C. employee countercurrent exchange

D. Have unidirectional flow of the environmental medium over the gas exchange surfaces

D. have unidirectional flow of the environmental medium over the gas exchange surfaces.

A major genetic cause of emphysema is deficiency of the protein alpha-1 anti-trypsin (AAT). AAT is an enzyme that inhibits the activity of another protein. What protein is most likely the normally-inhibited target of AAT?

A. hemocyanin

B. hemoglobin

C. elastin-specific protease

D. myoglobin

E. carbonic anhydrase

F. collagen

C. elastin-specific protease

In the future, it may be possible to screen for a number of different types of cancer by a simple blood test. If a blood test indicates a very early stage of lung cancer, where is the most likely place that the tumor will be growing?

A. In the parietal pleural membrane

B. In the visceral pleural membrane

C. In the wall of the alveolus

D. In the wall of a large bronchus

E. In the wall of a pulmonary vein

D. in the wall of a large bronchus

Tom is choking on a piece of steak that is stuck in his trachea, and he signals for his young son to call 911. It takes the paramedics four minutes to reach his house. Will this be in time to save Tom (and why), or will Tom already be dead (and why)?

A. Tom will be dead due to the lowered pH of his blood

B. Tom will be dead since the hemoglobin in his arterial blood will unload it's oxygen during the first pass to the tissues after his last breath

C. Tom will be alive since the myoglobin in his muscles will release oxygen into the blood after he stops breathing

D. Tom will be alive since he had a reserve of about three-quarters of his hemoglobin still bound to oxygen when he started choking

D. Tom will be alive since he had a reserve of about three-quarters of his hemoglobin still bound to oxygen when he started choking.

Which dissolved gas cannot be transported by hemoglobin?

A. carbon dioxide (CO2)

B. carbon monoxide ( CO)

C. nitric acid (NO)

D. nitrogen (N2)

E. oxygen (O2)

D. nitrogen (N2)

The primary advantage of gills versus the body surface for gas exchange in aquatic animals is that ________.

A. Gills decreased resistance to movement

B. All gills contain a countercurrent exchange system

C. Gills have a much greater diffusion surface area

D. Gills are located near the mouth

C. gills have a much greater diffusion surface area

What respiratory adaptation was important for the invasion of land by arthropods?

A. The ability to close spiracles to prevent water loss

B. cutaneous respiration in moist habitats

C. countercurrent exchange surrounding the trachea

D. gas and water permeable exoskeletons

E. positive pressure breathing to increase gas exchange

A. the ability to close spiracles to prevent water loss

Humans cannot survive long at altitudes greater than 6000 m because ________.

A. There is much more CO2 in the atmosphere at the higher altitudes than at sea level

B. The diaphragm cannot be contracted enough to produce a full breath

C. The partial pressure of O2 becomes less than half that at sea level

D. Alviola become compressed at the lower atmospheric pressure's

C. the partial pressure of O2 becomes less than half that at sea level

Soft-shelled turtles can remain submerged underwater for several hours without ventilating their lungs because ______.

A. The partial pressure of O2 is higher underwater

B. they also have rudimentary gills

C. they can Store some air in special air sacs under the shell

D. They can use cutaneous respiration through the soft lining of their throat's

D. they can use cutaneous respiration through the soft lining of their throats

Major evolutionary changes have resulted in anatomical and physiological adaptations that optimize the rate of gas exchange in animals by each of these factors except ________.

A. decreasing the distance for diffusion

B. increasing the surface area for diffusion

C. increasing the diffusion constant for each gas

D. increasing the concentration difference driving diffusion

C. increasing the diffusion constant for each gas

Most phyla of aquatic invertebrates have improved the rate of gas exchange by creating a water current over their respiratory surfaces, thereby _____.

A. decreasing the distance for diffusion

B. increasing the surface area for diffusion

C. changing the diffusion constant

D. increasing the concentration difference

D. increasing the concentration difference

The large number of alveoli in lungs improve gas exchange by _____.

A. Decreasing the distance for diffusion

B. Increasing the concentration difference

C. Changing the diffusion constant

D. Increasing the surface area for diffusion

D. increasing the surface area for diffusion

The many lamellae in the gills of fish improve respiratory efficiency by ______.

A. Changing the diffusion constant

B. Increasing the surface area for diffusion

C. Increasing the concentration difference

D. Decreasing the distance for diffusion

B. increasing the surface area for diffusion

The close proximity of capillaries to the alveoli in lungs improve respiratory efficiency by ______.

A. increasing the surface area for diffusion

B. decreasing the distance for diffusion

C. changing the diffusion constant

D. increasing the concentration difference

B. decreasing the distance for diffusion

The North American pronghorn antelope can run almost as fast as a cheetah, but unlike the cheetah, can also sustain speeds of 30-40 mph for miles. The pronghorn is about the size of a large, domestic goat. You would predict the antelope to have a _____ than the goat.

A. Smaller trachea

B. Smaller lung volume

C. High concentration of hemoglobin

D. Lower concentration of myoglobin

E. lower concentration of bicarbonate

C. higher concentration of hemoglobin

During exhalation, the diaphragm _______.

A. Relaxes and moves up

B. Relaxes and moves down

C. Contracts and moves down

D. Contracts and moves up

A. relaxes and moves up

Which part of a hemoglobin molecule binds to a molecule of O2?

A. The surface of a globulin chain

B. The surface of a globulin chain

C. The hydrophobic pocket between to chains

D. The copper atom wedges between a globulin chain

E. The iron atom in the center of a heme group

E. The iron atom in the center of a heme group

In which PO2 environment would hemoglobin most easily release its O2?

A. 65 mmHg

B. 40 mm Hg

C. 100 mm Hg

D. 75 mm Hg

E. 90 mm Hg

B. 40 mm Hg

During exercise, the blood returning to a person's heart contains hemoglobin that is about ______ saturated.

A. 3%

B. 22%

C. 35%

D. 75%

E. 97%

C. 35%

Every winter, many individuals tragically die in their sleep due to faulty heaters that leak carbon monoxide (CO) during the night. How does CO poisoning lead to death?

A. CO binds more tightly to hemoglobin than does oxygen

B. CO Buy two more tightly to carbonic anhydrase than does carbon dioxide

C. CO inhibits the key most sensitive neurons in the aortic and carotid bodies

D. CO coats the surfaces of the Alveoli preventing diffusion of oxygen into the blood

E. CO binds to oxygen and the CO- oxygen complex cannot bind to hemoglobin

A. CO binds more tightly to hemoglobin than does oxygen.

Protruding papulae on the surface of echinoderms improve respiratory efficiency by ______.

A. Changing the diffusion constant

B. Decreasing the distance for diffusion

C. Increasing the concentration difference

D. Increasing the surface area for diffusion

D. increasing the surface area for diffusion

The axolotl, an aquatic amphibian, uses ______ for gas exchange.

A. External gills

B. Lungs

C. Papulae

D. Internal gills

E. Tracheal tubes

A. external gills

Ram ventilation is used by _____ during respiration.

A. Penguins

B. Whales

C. Frogs

D. Tuna

E. Salamanders

D. Tuna

Air enters human lungs from the mouth by passing through the ________.

A. Trachea

B. Esophagus

C. Spiracles

D. Nasal cavities

E. Posterior air sacs

A. trachea

aposematic

species that are brightly colored to advertise that they are harmful

Batesian mimicry

A type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators.

symbiotic relationship

the relationship of two species that live in close association with each other

realized niche

the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives

Interspecific Niche

sympatric species

different species that live in the same area but are prevented from successfully reproducing by a reproductive isolating mechanism

secondary compounds

chemical compounds produced by plants strictly for repelling or attracting predators or pollinators.

Parasitoids

organisms that lay eggs inside other organisms

keystone species

A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem

keystone species example

otters (keystone species) nearly eliminated, kelp nearly vanished b/c urchin pops went crazy

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

commensalism example

Barnacle attaches to a whale, the whale does not seem to mind.

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

parasitism example

a tick on a dog

Ecotones

a boundary between two types of ecological communities

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

mutualism example

bees and flowers

interference competition

interspecific competition

competition between members of different species

Exploitative Competition (Resource Competition)

When a number of organisms (of the same or different species) use common resources that are in short supply.

chemical defenses

Compounds released by prey to defend themselves from predators.

cryptic coloration

camouflage

Ectoparasites

Parasites that feed on external surface of host.

Endoparasites reside ______ the animal.

inside

primary succession

An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed

secondary succession

Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil

Succession

(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established