Exam 2 Ethics part 2

A moral agent is any being

• Which deserves moral consideration

• Who always acts out of compassion towards others

• Which is responsible for their behavior

• Who works for a democracy

Which is responsible for their behavior

A moral patient is any being

• That can feel pain

• That can be injured

• Who accepts medical treatment

• For which what we do to it morally matters

For which what we do to it morally matters

A perspective that holds that humans alone have intrinsic worth or value is called:

• Ecocentrism

• Ethical egoism

• Anthropocentrism

• Humanitarian

Anthropocentrism

According to Deep Ecology, Self-Realization consists of

• Developing our individual potential into economic realities

• Realizing that our individual self is identified with the natural world

• Developing our abilities into virtuous behavior towards the environment

• Realizing that our individuality is natural and biological in origin

Realizing that our individual self is identified with the natural world

According to Ecofeminism

• There are important connections between the domination of women and the domination of nature

• The domination of women has existed in all human societies

• Men are to blame for environmental problems

• Females are the dominant gender in some species

There are important connections between the domination of women and the domination of nature

According to Ishmael, a story is

• A scenario interrelating man, the world, and the gods

• An important form of entertainment

• A scenario explaining the leavers and takers

• A fictional account of the world

A scenario interrelating man, the world, and the gods

According to Ishmael, the first trick of the gods was

• To not place human beings at the center of the universe

• To create human beings

• To place human beings at the center of the universe

• To have human beings develop from other animals

To place human beings at the center of the universe

According to Ishmael, the second trick of the gods was

• To have takers develop from leavers

• To have human beings develop from other animals

• To prohibit Adam from eating from the Tree of Life

• To prohibit Adam from eating from the Tree of Knowledge

To prohibit Adam from eating from the Tree of Knowledge

According to Ishmael, the story of Cain and Abel is

• A story about the killing of leavers by takers

• A story about the killing of takers by leavers

• A story about sibling rivalry

• A story about human being condemned to warfare

• story about the killing of leavers by takers

According to Ishmael, the story of the Garden of Eden is

• A taker story about the beginning of leavers

• A story about the fall of Man

• A leaver story about the beginning of takers

• A fictional account of the beginning of human beings

A leaver story about the beginning of takers

According to Ishmael, the third trick of the gods was

• To place human beings at the top of Creation

• To not exempt human beings from natural laws

• To prohibit human beings from eating other human beings

• To create takers

To not exempt human beings from natural laws

At the end of the book, Ishmael

• Dies of pneumonia

• Inherits the wealth of Walter Sokolow

• Returns to Africa

• Sets up his own school

Dies of pneumonia

In the view of Arne Naess, how does deep ecology differ from establishment environmentalism?

• He says deep ecologists like Earth First and ELF have done us a favor by their high profile public relations activities

• He says deep ecologists take a holistic view of nature and think we should seek the root causes of environmental degradation

• He says deep ecologists see themselves as the saviors or guardians of nature and need to establish a hierarchy of values

• He says deep ecologists have harmed the goals of environmentalism by their extreme political actions

He says deep ecologists take a holistic view of nature and think we should seek the root causes of environmental degradation

Leavers believe all of the following except

• That human beings are not higher than other animals

• That human beings should live in the hands of the gods

• That human beings should consume the world

• That human beings are part of the natural world

That human beings should consume the world

Takers believe all of the following except

• That the world was created for human beings

• That leavers should be allowed to live as leavers

• That human beings are more important than animals

• That human beings are fundamentally flawed

That leavers should be allowed to live as leavers

The movement of Deep Ecology has been influenced by the religion of

• Judaism

• Christianity

• Islam

• Taoism

Taoism

The point of the jellyfish story is

• That the jellyfish believes that jellyfish are the culmination of evolution

• That jellyfish came before human beings

• That jellyfish are more advanced than land creatures

• That jellyfish are higher beings

That the jellyfish believes that jellyfish are the culmination of evolution

The point of the story of the flight of civilization is

• That Taker culture is on a path of self-destruction

• That trial and error is a good way to develop a civilization

• That flight is the highest of human achievements

• That if you don't first succeed, then try again

That Taker culture is on a path of self-destruction

The term "environment" refers to all of the following except:

• What Nature becomes when we view it as a life-support system

• Individual moral agents

• Surroundings

• What stands in relation to the beings within it not externally, but internally

Individual moral agents

The two ultimate norms of Deep Ecology are

• Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality

• The control of human population and Biocentric Equality

• Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality

• Anthropocentrism and ecocentrism

• Harmony with nature and control of human population

Self-Realization and Biocentric Equality

There are two aspects to a cost-benefit analysis, namely:

• Input and output

• Assessment and evaluation

• Assessment and analysis

• Evaluation and Integration

Assessment and evaluation

Why is Aldo Leopold considered significant?

• Because in his book "Silent Spring" he said we should think of the land as an irreplaceable ecosystem.

• Because in his essay "The Land Ethic" he endorsed a biocentric or ecocentric ethics

• Because in his essay "The Land Ethic" he said we should think of the land as given to us by God and, thus, we have dominion over animals and plants.

• Because in his essay "The Land Ethic" he said we should think of humans as irrelevant in the scheme of things.

Because in his essay "The Land Ethic" he endorsed a biocentric or ecocentric ethics

What does a biocentrist believe?

• A biocentrist thinks that only humans have intrinsic worth or value

• A biocentrist thinks that only biology can supply answers to fundamental problems facing the environment

• A biocentrist thinks that biological organisms may have a higher moral status than cyborgs, but they are not as physiologically advanced

• A biocentrist thinks that not just humans have intrinsic worth or value

A biocentrist thinks that not just humans have intrinsic worth or value

What environmental movement locates the source of environmental problems not in metaphysical or worldviews, but social practices of a male-dominated society?

• Ecofeminism

• Supply-side eco-ethics

• Eco-marxism

• Deep ecology

Ecofeminism

What is an example of an environmental problem?

• Ozone depletion

• Using windmills as an alternative source of energy

• Harvesting animals for organ transplants

• Electric-gas hybrid vehicles

Ozone depletion

What is meant by intrinsic value?

• Things have intrinsic value or worth when they have explicit economic status or marketability

• Things have intrinsic value or worth when they have value or worth in themselves for some reason

• Things have intrinsic value or worth when they have been assessed by an outside agency

• Things have intrinsic value or worth when they have at best arbitrary significance

Things have intrinsic value or worth when they have value or worth in themselves for some reason

What is one characteristic of a prima facie value?

• That it is not an absolute--it is the kind of value that can be overcome by other interests or values

• That it is stronger than appears at first glance

• That it is an absolute--it is the kind of value that cannot be overcome by other interests or values

• That it acts as a primal force in shaping an ethical value system

That it is not an absolute--it is the kind of value that can be overcome by other interests or values

What is one characteristic of a prima facie value?

• That it is not an absolute--it is the kind of value that can be overcome by other interests or values

• That it is stronger than appears at first glance

• That it is an absolute--it is the kind of value that cannot be overcome by other interests or values

• That it acts as a primal force in shaping an ethical value system

Who are the Leavers?

• The gods who created human beings

• Members of the industrial world

• Members of primitive societies

• Animals

That it is not an absolute--it is the kind of value that can be overcome by other interests or values

Who are the Takers?

• Members of the upper class

• The gods who created human beings

• Members of the modern industrial world

• Members of primitive societiesWho are the Leavers?

• The gods who created human beings

• Members of the industrial world

• Members of primitive societies

• Animals

Members of the modern industrial world

ccording to MacKinnon the arctic ice cap may be gone in what year?

• 2100

• 2020

• 2050

• 2250

• 2050

The old Native American saying, "before you act, consider the consequences on the next seven generations," represents what kind of thinking?

• Utilitarianism

• Relativism

• Anthropocentrism

• Ecocentrism

Utilitarianism

Ecocentrism relies on what form of moral reasoning?

• Kantian

• Natural law

• Relativism

• Utilitarianism

Natural law

Which of the following is true relative to per capita greenhouse gas emissions?

• Central Americans produce more emissions per capita than Europeans.

• China now produces more emissions per person than the US.

• Americans produce more than twice as much as Japanese.

• Americans produce about the same as Europeans.

Americans produce more than twice as much as Japanese

How many people in the world are living in regions with water scarcity?

• 1 billion

• 600 million

• 3 billion

• 2 billion

• 2 billion

Which nation is likely to meet the goal set by the Kyoto Accord?

• Spain

• America

• Greece

• Britain

Britain

The article by William Baxter utilized primarily ________ reasoning.

• Natural Law

• Ecocentric

• Relativistic

• Anthropocentric

Anthropocentric

According to Baxter

• Penguins have no value other than in relation to human beings

• Humans should not consider the effects of DDT on penguins

• Penguins are important for determining the effects of global warming

• Penguins have intrinsic value and a right to exist

Penguins have no value other than in relation to human beings

All of the following are a part of Deep Ecology except:

• Technological progress and solutions

• Harmony with Nature

• Simplifying material needs

• Biocentric Equality

Technological progress and solutions

Ramachandra Guha claims that

• Ecofeminism is a type of Shallow Ecology

• Shallow Ecology is preferable to Deep Ecology

• America leads the world in environmental reforms and laws

• The emphasis on wilderness preservation by Deep Ecology is harmful to the poor

The emphasis on wilderness preservation by Deep Ecology is harmful to the poor

The Chipko Movement is

• a movement of Indians opposing deforestation

• a movement in Japan to provide safe drinking water

• a movement of Canadians opposing the killing of seals

• a movement of Alaskan fisherman opposing excessive fishing by commercial fleets

a movement of Indians opposing deforestation

Cost-Benefit Analysis is a form of ________ reasoning.

• Kantian

• Aristotlean

• Utilitarian

• Egoism

Utilitarian

All of the following are sources of biocentric viewpoints except:

• Bacon’s claim that “knowledge is power”

• Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic

• Native American views on nature

• The American Transcendentalism Movement

Bacon’s claim that “knowledge is power”

Pantheism is

• the belief that all is God

• the belief that all living things are divine

• the belief that God created all of nature

• the belief that nature is governed by the forces of yin/yang

the belief that all is God

ccording to Deep Ecology, the following are the causes of environmental problems except:

• Communitarianism

• Reductionism

• Individualism

• Consumerism

Communitarianism

John Muir was the founder of

• the Nature Conservancy

• the Audubon Society

• Earth First!

• the Sierra Club

the Sierra Club