Carbonyl Compounds and Carboxylic Acids Lecture Notes

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering the preparation, reactions, and physical properties of carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) and carboxylic acids as detailed in the lecture transcript.

Hydration of Alkynes (HgSO4 / H2SO4)

A process to form carbonyl compounds from alkynes using dil. $H_2SO_4$ and $Hg^{2+}$ following Markovnikov's Rule.

Formaldehyde

The simplest aldehyde with the formula $HCHO$.

Hydroboration Oxidation (HBO) of Alkynes

Used to prepare aldehydes from terminal alkynes using $B_2H_6 / THF$ followed by $H_2O_2 / OH^-$; it follows the Anti-Markovnikov Rule.

Ozonolysis

The reaction of alkenes or alkynes with $O_3$ followed by $Zn / H_2O$ (reductive) or $H_2O_2$ (oxidative) to break double or triple bonds and form carbonyl or carboxylic compounds.

PCC (Pyridinium Chlorochromate)

A mild oxidizing agent used to convert primary alcohols ($1^{\circ}$) to aldehydes and secondary alcohols ($2^{\circ}$) to ketones.

Oppenauer Oxidation

An oxidation method for alcohols using aluminum isopropoxide in excess acetone to produce ketones.

MPV Reduction

The reverse of Oppenauer oxidation, where a ketone is reduced to a secondary alcohol using aluminum isopropoxide in isopropanol.

KMnO4 / H+ (High Temp)

A strong oxidizing agent that cleaves double bonds to form carboxylic acids or ketones; it does not affect simple $C=C$ bonds in mild conditions but is vigorous at high temperatures.

Periodic Acid ($HIO_4$)

An oxidizing agent that cleaves vicinal diols (adjacent $-OH$ groups) into carbonyl compounds.

Grignard Reagent ($RMgX$)

Organometallic reagent used to synthesize alcohols, aldehydes (from HCN/esters), and ketones (from nitriles/acyl chlorides).

Rosenmund Reduction

Preparation of aldehydes from acid chlorides using $H_2$ and $Pd\text{-}BaSO_4$; a catalytic poison is used to prevent further reduction to alcohol.

Stephen Reduction

Preparation of aldehydes from nitriles ($RCN$) using $SnCl_2 / HCl$ followed by hydrolysis.

DIBAL-H (Diisobutylaluminium hydride)

A selective reducing agent that converts nitriles and esters into aldehydes at low temperatures ($-78^{\circ}C$).

Tollen's Reagent

Ammoniacal silver nitrate ($[Ag(NH_3)_2]^+$) used to detect aldehydes; a positive test results in a silver mirror on the test tube.

Fehling's Solution

A mixture of Fehling-A ($CuSO_4$) and Fehling-B (sodium potassium tartrate); it reacts with aliphatic aldehydes to form a red precipitate of $Cu_2O$.

Aldol Condensation

A reaction involving aldehydes or ketones with at least one $\alpha$-hydrogen, catalyzed by dilute alkali, to form $\beta$-hydroxy carbonyl compounds.

Cannizzaro Reaction

A disproportionation reaction of aldehydes lacking $\alpha$-hydrogen (e.g., $HCHO$, benzaldehyde) in concentrated alkali, producing an alcohol and a carboxylic acid salt.

Clemmensen Reduction

Reduction of carbonyl groups to methylene groups ($-CH_2-$) using zinc amalgam ($Zn\text{-}Hg$) and concentrated $HCl$.

Wolff-Kishner Reduction

Reduction of carbonyl groups to hydrocarbons using hydrazine ($NH_2NH_2$) and a strong base like $KOH$ in ethylene glycol.

Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ) Reaction

Halogenation of the $\alpha$-carbon of carboxylic acids using $X_2$ (where $X=Cl, Br$) in the presence of red phosphorus.

Iodoform Reaction

A test for methyl ketones ($R\text{-}CO\text{-}CH_3$) or ethanol/secondary alcohols with a methyl group on the $-OH$ carbon, producing a yellow precipitate of $CHI_3$.

Beckmann Rearrangement

The transformation of an oxime to an N-substituted amide under acidic conditions.

Perkin Reaction

Synthesis of cinnamic acid ($Ph\text{-}CH=CH\text{-}COOH$) from benzaldehyde and an aliphatic acid anhydride in the presence of its sodium salt.

Knoevenagel Reaction

Condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a compound containing an active methylene group (e.g., malonic ester) to form an unsaturated acid.

Kolbe's Electrolysis

Electrolysis of sodium or potassium salts of carboxylic acids to produce alkanes, usually containing an even number of carbon atoms, at the anode.