ecs 101 exam 3

Brittle deformation results in ____________; whereas ductile deformation results in ____________.

faults; folds

fold that dips down

syncline

fold that curves up

anticline

fold that curves both up and down

monocline

folds are the result of

compressional stress

The intersection of the fault plane with the ground surface is called....

fault trace

True or False? As is implied by the term fault plane, they are always smooth and flat

false

The difference in elevation between fault blocks on either side of a fault is called....

fault scarp

The fault block upon which a miner stands inside a mine tunnel is called the..

footwall

The footwall of a fault moves up relative to the hanging wall. This is clearly a..

normal fault

The following fault or fault motion does not create a fault scarp

strike-slip

Thrust faults are low-angle _____________faults

reverse

Shortening of the crust occurs as a result of..

reverse faults

Normal faults are most likely to form in the following tectonic setting

continental Rift Valley

tri color fault

normal fault

two color fault

reverse fault

separated fault

transform fault

Waves that propagate through the Earth are called

seismic waves

The study of earthquakes is called...

seismology

Historically (experienced by humans) the largest earthquakes have been of this type

tectonic

Humans have triggered and even caused earthquakes

true

There is a direct correlation between high tidal forces and the occurrence of earthquakes throughout the 20th century

false

Earthquakes that occur inside a tectonic plate are known as ________ quakes

intraplate

Bending a metal wire into the shape of a paperclip is this kind of deformation...

ductile deformation

Breaking a rock into smaller pieces with the aid of a rock hammer is what kind of deformation?

brittle deformation

A stretched rubber band is undergoing what kind of deformation?

elastic deformation

Tectonic earthquakes are the result of the sudden release of ________ strain as wave energy.

elastic

In a compressional wave...

particles of the medium move parallel to the direction of wave energy propagation

The following kinds of waves can be found among earthquake waves (check all that apply)

-compressional waves

-shear waves

-orbital waves

The following earthquake wave is a shear surface wave:

l-wave

The following earthquake wave is an orbital wave:

r-wave

Rank the following earthquake waves based on their velocity (1 fastest, 4 slowest)

1. p wave

2. S wave

3.l-wave

4. r-wave

When a seismic wave moves from a high density layer above to a low density layer below, its path is refracted ___________

downwards

A house is hit by seismic waves around 150km from the epicenter. Match the kind of ground motion the house will experience when each wave arrives.

p wave - up and down

S wave - side to side

r wave - circular up and down

l wave - side to side

A seismograph is also known as a _________

seismometer

The "squiggly" record created by a seismograph is known as a __________

seismogram

Which types of seismic waves travel faster?

body waves

It takes at least ______ seismographs at 90 degrees to each other to record the full range of horizontal ground motion.

two

A seismic zone that is known to have had large historical earthquakes but is apparently overdue for another similar quake is known as....

a seismic gap

True or False? Over 95% of the Earth's earthquakes occur on or near plate boundaries.

true

What do seismologists call the phenomenon of slow, non-stick-slip fault movement. In other words, the fault does not build up elastic strain, instead slowly slipping continuously.

fault creep

Earthquakes larger than M5.0 have occurred along the Devil Fault in 1850, 1925, and 1952. What is the recurrence interval of such earthquakes along this fault?

51 years

The study of earthquakes that are not included in historical records is known as.....

paleoseismology

Which of the following is likely the most obvious feature preserved as evidence of ancient earthquakes

fault scarp

The "Ghost Forests" along the Cascadia Subduction zone coastal region formed in 1700 as a result of....

sudden earthquake related subsidence of coastal areas (putting tree roots into salty groundwater)

Studies based on the following techniques have led to repeated successful predictions of earthquakes worldwide

none of the above

There is plenty of anecdotal evidence of animals acting strangely "just before an earthquake" occurred. What is the most likely explanation of this phenomenon held by seismologists?

animals are likely picking up the minute ground motion caused by the arrival of P-waves

True or False? Seismologists have found repeated success by turning to psychics (especially Theresa Caputo, Tyler Henry, and John Edward) for help with earthquake prediction.

false

Which of the following earthquake hazards has been known to do more property damage and cause many more deaths after the quake?

fire

Sandblows (or sand volcanoes) are associated with which of the following earthquake hazards

liquefaction

This earthquake scale measures the intensity of an earthquake based on how much damage it causes

mercalli scale

This earthquake scale is only able to accurately provide a magnitude for quakes M7.0 or less, and is based on a measure of the largest ground motion captured by a local seismograph

Richter scale

This is the most widely used earthquake magnitude scale internationally

moment magnitude scale

An increase of ONE MAGNITUDE, increases the amount of energy released _______ times.

33

Civil engineers are known to say "Earthquakes don't kill people, ____________ do".

buildings

Separating a building from ground motion by placing it on shear and vertical dampening devices is known as....

base isolation

The highest level of the Mercalli Intensity Scale is _____

XII

Groundwater is an especially important resource in ____ areas.

arid

Which has the most freshwater in the United States?

groundwater

ON AVERAGE what percent of stream flow comes from groundwater?

30%

Where is most groundwater found?

-the phreatic zone

-pore space

What moves groudwater?

gravity

Water flows from the ________ zone to the ___________ zone.

vadose; phreatic

During well construction what are the materials/parts at the bottom of the well?

-porous gravel

-screen inlet

Groundwater is often clean enough to drink but is also often elevated in what? Hint: Alex's well has these.

-calcium carbonate

-iron

What are the main types of aquifer?

-confined

-unconfined

If the level of water in your well is heavily influenced by how much it has (or has not rained) in the last few days you could assume that the aquifer your well is in is ____?

unconfined

You are constructing a drinking water well on old farmland. To best protect against possible pesticides in your drinking water, you want your well to be built in...

a confined aquifer

The lowering effect on the water table about the base of the well is called

a cone of depression

A local water table positioned above the regional water table is said to be...

perched

Which of the following is NOT true of confined aquifers

it is always made of fine grained materials

Artesian wells...

-do not require pumps

-may eventually lose pressure

Perched aquifers...

are usually small and may be more affected by drought

An area where groundwater comes to the surface without drilling is called a(n) __________ .

spring

Pore spaces in an aquifer that have gone dry tend to..

collapse

Which of the following are true about the hydrocompaction of soils in California?

-it is the result of pumping groundwater for irrigation

-the decay of peat contributes to subsidence

-it has increased the risk of flooding of some agricultural land

The peat layer in the San Joaquin Valley...

-is made of poorly decayed plant matter

-begins to decay when exposed to oxygen

A network of channels that collects water form a broad region is called a _____________ .

watershed

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major watersheds of North America?

Caribbean

The continental divide divides the continent of North America into two halves of equal areas

false

All water within a watershed ultimately flows to an ocean.

false

A ____________ stream carries water year-round because the stream is __________ the local water table.

permanent; below

What kind of drainage pattern forms when streams follow regularly fractured rocks?

rectangular

The process by which particles carried by the water grind against the channel floor like sandpaper is known as...

abrasion

Canyons form more easily in hard rocks.

true

What are the two main fluvial river systmes?

-braided

-meandering

Which of the following are characteristics of a meandering fluvial system?

-they usually carry fine sand, silt, and mud

-they usually experience continuous water flow

As curves in a meandering river progress, ___________ are deposited on the inside edge.

scroll bars

What can cause a waterfall to form?

-flow from hard to soft material

-dip slip faulting

-faster erosion of the trunk system

Waterfalls can move.

true

Why is Niagara Falls so far upstream of the Niagara escarpment?

knick point migration

How can barbed tributaries form?

differential uplift

In the antecedent stream theory of river gap formation, which has a higher rate, Erosion of the river OR uplift of the mountains?

erosion of the river

During Knick Point Progression of Niagara Falls, what event causes the SUDDEN progression upstream of the falls?

catastrophic collapse of the niagara limestone

three major types of fossil fuels

-coal

-oil

-natural gas

coal is primarily made of the element _____________

carbon

Most modern coal plants are equipped with filtration treatment to remove carbon dioxide.

false

Anthracite has a __________ percent carbon than lignite.

higher

most coal is originally formed in swamps

true

acid rain has a pH below

5.6