PLTW: Principles of Biomedical Sciences, National Exam

Prophase I

crossing-over occurs between tetrads

Metaphase I

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Anaphase I

Spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward an opposite end of the cell

Telophase

A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows, forming two new cells

Prophase II

Chromosomes consist of two chromatids, but they do not pair to form tetrads

Telophase II

A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows, forming four new cells.

Mitosis: Form of reproduction

Asexual

Meiosis: Form of reproduction

first stage in sexual

Mitosis: Number of daughter cells

2

Meiosis : Number of daughter cells

4

Mitosis: change in chromsome number

No change; stays diploid

Meiosis: change in chromsome number

cut in half to haploid

Mitosis: Number of cell divisions

1

Meiosis: Number of cell divisions

2

Mitosis: Difference in alleles between parent cell and daughter cells

none

Meiosis: Difference in alleles between parent cell and daughter cells

Each of the four daughter cells is genetically different from the parent

911 Operator

referring calls to appropriate law enforcementagencies/emergency medical services, determining the response requirements and prioritizing situation and dispatching units according to a set of established procedures

~High school diploma or equivalent

answering inquiries

EMT

Care for the sick or injured in emergency medical settings respond to emergency calls

~high school diploma or equivalent and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) certification postsecondary non-degree award

Crime Scene Investigator

Collect and examine evidence present

at crime scenes, Observe and look for evidence

~Bachelor's degree in science, Complete a Police Academy

Blood Spatter Analyst

examine the location and shape of blood drops, stains, puddles and pools. Testify in court. Determine: The type of weapon used, direction of travel of a victim or suspect, trajectory of a projectile, number of wounds a victim may have suffered

How events unfolded during a violent crime

~degree in criminal justice, forensic science. Biology, anatomy, criminology, constitutional law and statistical analysis

Forensic DNA Analyst

Observe DNA samples found at the scene of a crime and compare it to potential suspects in order to accurately identify an entity. They can work in crime labs or private labs.

~bachelor's degree in molecular biology, genetics or forensic science

Medical Examiner

Investigates deaths and injuries, performs post-modem,testifies in court

~MD, Bachelor's Degree, Residency in pathology

Toxicologist

Develop new and better ways to determine the potential harmful effects of chemical and physical agents and the amount (dosage) that will cause these effects"(2) Study probability that specific particles will be a threat to human health

~Major in biology and chemistry, physics, computer science, statistics

and mathematics (including calculus)

bachelor's degree in toxicology

Morgue Assistant

Help prepare deceased before and after examination, for instruction and research

~Highs school grad, Knowledge of human anatomy

Biochemist

Study chemical principles of biological processes using tools such as electron microscopes. Some biochemists simply supply research for the world of science and some apply this research to the work force such as a pharmaceutical company.

~Bachelors, masters or doctorate in biochemistry. PhD is required for applied research.

Food Scientist or Technologist

Use chemistry, microbiology, engineering, and other sciences to study the principles underlying the processing of foods, analyze food content, apply knowledge to determine way of producing healthier foods

~Associates degrees in biology, animal science, or a related field

Nutritionist or Dietician

Advise people on what they should and shouldn't eat based on a specific health condition or lifestyle goal

~Bachelor's degree, internship

License

Endocrinologist

Diagnose diseases related glands and treat hormonal imbalances like menopause and diabetes

~Medical Degree and 14-15 years of school

Primary Care Physician

Diagnose and provide non-surgical treatment of diseases and injuries of internal organ systems.

~Internal Medicine Residency Program

Certified Diabetic Educator (CDE)

Possess comprehensive knowledge of and experience in prediabetes, diabetes prevention, and management. The CDE® educates and supports people affected by diabetes to understand and manage the condition.

~program development and administration provided in support of the diabetes patient education program, Documentation in the education record of the assessment

Ophthalmologist

diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases of the eye, degenerative and visual system

~A five-year degree in medicine or a six-year degree with foundation

Clinical Researcher

Test drugs for their effectiveness, risks and benefits to ensure they are safe to allow on to the market

~Degree or postgraduate qualification in nursing, life sciences or medical sciences.

Podiatrist

Provides medical care for feet and ankles, including the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of foot and ankle conditions

~Bachelor's degree, A Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree

Psychologist or Psychiatrist

Studies and assesses the science of behavior and mental processes in a patient or in general/can administer medicine

~Master's degree in psychology/Requires an MD to administer medicine

Phlebotomist

Collect blood specimens, urine or fecal matter o Keep patient calm through procedure, Prepare specimen for testing, Complete paperwork for records

~Associates and bachelor' degree in phlebotomy and related fields

Hematologist

Control over all patient care for those that are suspected of having a

blood disorder, Apply specific medical care(medicine, blood transfusions) needed for specific patient, Work with surgeons, radiation therapists and other specialists

~4 years of medical school, Three years of residency in patient care or internal medicine, 2 or four years in fellowship training for hematology

Clinical Geneticist

Provide service and genetic counseling for individuals whose family are at risk for hereditary diseases and disorders.

~Masters degree, Additional training for positions

Molecular Biologist

study biochemical processes within living cells of animals, people, plants and other living organisms.

~Doctoral or professional degree

Cardiovascular Technologist or Technician

Assist physicians in diagnosing and treating cardiac (heart) and peripheral vascular (blood vessel) ailments

~Associates degree

Nuclear Medicine Technologist

Use scanner to create images of various areas of a patient's body. They prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to patients undergoing the scans.

~Associate's degree in nuclear medicine technology.

Clinical Laboratory Technologist or Technician

Collect samples and perform tests to analyze body fluids, tissue, and other substances.

~Medical Technology programs

Cardiac or Cardiovascular Nurse

Treat patients suffering from heart diseases and conditions

~Associate of Science in Nursing, a 2-year program, and the Bachelor of Science in Nursing, a 4-year program.

Microbiologist

Study organisms that cause infections, including viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae and protozoa.

~Degrees in applied biology, biological sciences; biology (specialising in microbiology); biomedical sciences;

microbial sciences; microbiology;

molecular biology.

Medical Laboratory Technician

Conducting lab tests ordered by doctors and other healthcare providers, these professionals work with human bodily fluids and tissue samples to determine diagnoses and identify abnormalities.

~two-year associate's degree

Genetic Counselor

Explain to patients the importance of genetics in our lives, Explain to families or individuals their heredity/family history, how to prevent and manage inheritance, Counsel patients through genetic condition and the available decisions or future risks

~Master's degree in genetic counseling, May need to take these undergraduate courses: chemistry, biology, genetics, psychology

What macromolecule are insulin and glucagon?

proteins

How is the amount of energy in food figured out?

burn food to break bonds

Unit consumers use to look at the amount of energy in food

Calorie

How does the body stay warm?

brain sends signal to blood vessels to contract

brain sends signal to muscles to shiver and creates heat

negative feedback loop

physical problem in Type 1 diabetes

pancrease releases little to no insulin

physical problem in Type 2 diabetes

cell receptor broken or damaged, insulin doesn't work with the cell receptor

a person had high levels of glucose for a long time during a GTT test

They can be diagnosed with diabetes

high levels of glucose and normal/high levels of insulin

Type 2 diabetes

managed with insulin, dietary change, exercise

type 1

non-insulin medication, weight reduction, dietary change

type 2

different methods of delivering insulin

syringes, pre-filled pens, insulin pumps

What should be carefully watched in a diabetic diet?

carbohydrates

What should be limited in a diabetic diet?

sugar and fat

What should be increased in a diabetic diet?

protein and whole grain

solute of blood is lower than inside the cell

hypoglycemic

water will enter and swell when placed in this blood

hypoglycemic

solute of blood is the same as inside the cell

isotonic

solute is higher than inside the cell

hyperglycemic

cell will shrivel up when placed in this blood

hyperglycemic

equal amount of water move in and out of the cell when placed in this blood

isotonic, creates homeostasis

main problem leading to complications with diabetes

high blood sugar

How does the body receive energy?

body takes in food through digestion

breaks food down into glucose

glucose in the blood

taken into cells by insulin molecules

glucose combined with oxygen through respiratory system

cellular respiration forms ATP

calorimetry

mass of water x temperature change x specific heat of water

calories per gram

divided by 1000

positive feedback

reinforcement of original action

negative feedback

Goes back to original form

How are feedback loops signaled?

endocrine system uses chemical signals, hormones

What are hormones?

messengers that carry signals from cell to cell

function of glands

release hormones

pancreas stores

glucagon and insulin

What is diabetes?

conditions caused by high blood glucose

How is energy stored in the body? How is energy released?

in chemical bonds that are broken and release stored energy to the body

What cells release insulin?

BETA cells

What cells release glucagon?

ALPHA cells

4 macromolecules

carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

normal blood glucose

75-125

how does the body burn energy

hydrolysis of ATP

Respiratory System

Includes the lungs, trachea, nasal cavity, and bronchus. Assists with gas exchange, keeps Oxygen moving through blood, and removes Carbon Dioxide.

Skeletal System

Includes bones and joints. Protects/supports organs, creates the framework for muscles, helps with movement,and stores minerals.

Muscular System

Includes the skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Helps to move the body and substances around the body, as well as maintain body heat.

Nervous System

Includes the brain, spinal chord, sensory receptors, and nerves. Responds to internal and external changes by activating specific reactions and processes information.

Urinary System

Includes the kidney, bladder, ureter, and urethra. Eliminates waste from the body and regulates the balance of water in blood.

Cardiovascular System

includes the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries). Pumps blood around the body and transports Oxygen.

Digestive System

Includes the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and liver. Breaks down food into nutrient molecules, absorbs nutrients, and rids the body of waste.

Endocrine System

Includes adrenal gland, pituitary gland, ovaries and testis. Secretes hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism in body cells.

Integumentary System

Includes skin, hair, and nails. Forms the body's external covering , protects deeper tissues, and regulates body temperature.

Lymphatic/Immune System

Includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Filters body fluids and mounts attacks against foreign substances in the body.

PPE (Proper Protective Equipment)

Goggles, gloves, hair, etc. Used to avoid contaminating oneself, contaminating work space, and contaminating specimen or evidence.

Presumptive Test

Test that presumes the presence of a substance and identifies the type of substance. (Ex: Narcotic)

Confirmatory Test

Identifies the specific substance. (Ex: Oxycodone)

Qualitative

Descriptions rather than measurements

Quantitative

Data that is in numbers

Antigen

A protein on the surface of a red blood cell

Antibody

A protein circulating in plasma around blood cells

4 Types of blood

A, B, AB, O

If blood clumps it is called...

Aggulation