MCDB1A - Slide sets 3 and 4

fermentation

partial degradation of sugars/organic fuel without oxygen

aerobic pathway

oxygen consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel

cellular respiration

process that links catabolism to work using ATP and replenishes supply from ADP and P_i

oxidation

loss of H

reduction

gain of H

electron carriers

NADH and FADH₂

glycolysis

occurs in cytosol and breaks glucose into 2 pyruvate

energy investment

cell spends ATP, 2 per glucoe

substrate level phosphorylation

phosphate groups from intermediates added to ADP to make ATP

energy payoff

ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation and NAD is reduced to NADH

pyruvate oxidation

occurs in mitochondrial matrix, conversion of pyruvate into acetyla-coA

citric acid cycle

series of rxns in matrix where acetyl-coA is broken down to CO₂

• produces NADH, FADH₂, ATP/GTP

oxidative phosphorylation

occurs in cristae where ETC and ATP synthase occurs

cristae

inner folds of the mitochondria (increases surface area for reactions to occur)

matrix

innermost compartment where citric acid cycle/krebs takes place

chemiosmosis

the movement of H⁺ ions down their concentration gradient (chemical gradient) and electrical gradient (charge difference) across the inner mitochondrial membrane through ATP synthase, driving ATP production.

proton gradient

more H⁺ in intermembrane space, less H⁺ in matrix

electron charge gradient

intermembrane space becomes positive, matrix negative

proton motive force

the stored energy across the inner mitochondrial membrane created by a chemical gradient (H⁺ concentration difference) and an electrical gradient (charge difference), which drives ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation.

light microscopy

visible light and glass lenses to observe living specimens, lower resolution

• watch strategy

electron microscopy

electron beams, specimens are fixed, extremely high resolution revealing ultra structures

• learn strategy

differential centrifugation

separate cell components by size and density, end product is clump of organelles at bottom and liquid on top

fimbriae

attachment structures on surface (not visible on transmission electron microscope

nucleoid

region where cell’s DNA is located

ribosomes

synthesizes proteins

glycocalyx

outer coating, consists of a capsule/slime layer

plasma membrane

membrane enclosing cytoplasm of a prokaryote

bacterial chromosome

single circular DNA molecule located in nucleoid, contains most of cell’s essential genes

flagella

locomotion organelles of some prokaryotes

nuceloid

region where cell’s DNA is located

cell fractionation

blow up cells and separate major organelles and structures from one another

bacterial structures

made up of carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

bright field microscopy

cells are alive and moving

fluorescent microscopy

bright colors in image