AP human geo unit 2

dispersed

population that is spread out

population distribution

where people live within a georaphical area

climate

long term pattern of weather in an area that greatly affects population distribution in direct and indirect ways

temperate climate

theose with moderate tempatures and adequate precipitation amounts

landforms

natural features on earth surface

human migration

occurs when people make a permanent move from one place to another

population density

which is the number of people occupying a unit of land, important for population

arithemtic density

total number of people per unit area of land

physiological density

total number of people per unit of arable land

arable land

which is land that can be used to grow crops

argicultural densirty

measure total number of farmer per unit of arable land

subsistence argiculture

less machines more people to take care of crops and animals

carrying capacity

maximum population an enviornment can sustain

dependancy ratio

the number of people in a dependent age group

sex ratio

proportion of makes to females in a population

demographics

data about the structures and characteristics of human population

fertility

the ability to produce children

crude birth rate

number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

total fertility rate

average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her child bearing years (ages 15-49)

mortality

deaths as a component of population change

crude death rate

number of deaths of a given population per year per 1,000 people

infant mortality rate

number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births

life expectancy

the average number of years a person is expected to live

population pyramids

to interpret the implications of changing structure of a population

rate of natural increase

is the difference between CBR and CDR of a defined group of people

doubling time

number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate will double

urbanization

the growth and development of cities

overpopulation

a population that exceeds its sustrainable size or carrying capacity

neo-malthusian

rasies concerns about sustainable use of the planet, claming that earths resoureces can only support and finite population

demographic transition model

represents the shifts in growth that the words population have undergone -and are still experiencing- over time

epidemiological model

describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy and population age distribution, largely as trhe result of changes in causes of death

antinatalist

designed to curb population growth by discouraging citizens from having children

pronatalist

encourage births and aim to accelerate population growth

land degradation

long term damage to the soils ability to support life

mobility

includes all types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over a short period of time

ciculation

temporary repative movements that recur on a regular basis

human migration

permanent movement of people from one place to another

gravity model

predict the interaction between two or more places

push factor

negative cause that compels someone to leave a location

pull factor

a positive casue that atracts someone to a location

voluntary migration

in which people make the choice to move to a new place

forced migration

in which people are compelled to move by economic, political, enviornmental or cultural factors

transnational migration

immigrants retain strong cultural, emotional, and financial ties to their country or orgin

internal migtation

movement within the countrys borders

friction of distance

concept that states that the longer the distance is the more time, effort, cost it will involve

transhumance

form of migration practiced by nomads who move herds between pastures at cooler higher elevations during summer and lower elevations during winter

chain migration

ppl move to a loaction because other from their community had moved there

step migration

small steps to get to an ultimate destination

intervening obstacle

occurance that holds migrants back

interveing oppurtunity

occurance that pauses their journey by choice

guest workers

migrants who travel to a new country as temporary laborers

circular migration

when they move back and forth between original country and country that they work in

refugees

people who are forced to leave their country because of persecution or death

asylum

the right of protection, in a new country

internally displaced persons (IDP)

people who have been forced to flee their homes but remain within a countrys borders

human trafficking

involves the use of forece, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act

interregional migration

movement from one region of the country to another

intraregional migreation

movemnt within one region of the country

quotas

limits one the number of immigrants allowed into each country each year

kinship links

networks between relative and friends

skills gap

shortage of people trained in a particular industry

remittances

money earned by emigrants abroad and sent back to home countries

brain drain

loss of trained or educated people to the lure of work in another

relocation diffusion

spread of ideas and culture traits through migration

ravenstein

distance people move

law 1

most migrants move only short distances

law 2

people move in steps (most)

law 3

if they move long distances they tend to move to a big city

law 4

most migration is from rural to urban

law 5

every migration flow produces a counter flow

law 6

most long distance migrants are adult individuals

law 7

most internal migrants are family and / or female