Biology 150 - Unit 4

Descent with Modification

Due to evolutionary change, species evolve over time and are related by common ancestry.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic, prokaryotic bacteria that produce oxygen

Chemotrophs

Bacteria that generate energy through organic or inorganic compounds.

Virulence

The degree to which a pathogen causes disease in it’s host.

Capsid

A protective shell/coating encasing genetic material (DNA/RNA)

Infolding

A process in which the outer layers of cells fold inwards to form an internal cell component.

Nuclear Membrane

Membrane surrounding the nucleus; in all eukaryotes as a result from common ancestors, separated transcription and translation.

Cellulose

Primary component of plant cell walls.

Starch

Carbohydrate produced by plants are their primary energy storage molecule.

Ligin

Adds structure to plant’s cell walls creating rigidity.

Tracheid

Elongated structure in vascular plants that transports water and provides structural support.

Vessel Structures (Xylem & Pholem)

Tubes that transport nutrients (water and sugars, respectively) throughout the plant.

Stamen

Meiosis occurs in angiosperms to produce female eggs.

Carpel

Contains ovary in angiosperms, where meiosis occurs to produce female eggs.

Chitin

Tough, structural material in fungi

Glycogen

Main form of short-term energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria.

Septa

Cell walls in fungi

Coenocytic

No septa, with nuclei scattered across mycelium.

Conidia

Asexual spores

Meiospores

Species that are genetically distinct form parent spores.

Saprophyte

Fungi that digest dead plant cell material.

Mycorrhizae

Fungi that live in close association with plant roots.

Endophytes

Fungi that live in or between plant cells.

Epithilium

Layer of tightly joined cells that result in an interior/exterior surface of an animal.

Hydroskeleton

Flexible fluid filled cavity surrounded by muscles providing structural support.

Ectoskeleton

Hard external covering like a shell, protecting an animal’s body.

Lophoreochozoa

Grow continuously when conditions are good.

Ecdysozoa

Grow by shedding external skeletons/coverings and expanding their bodies.

Notochord

Important in development, body support, and body plan. Present in all chordates.

Mendelian Inheritance

Independent vs. Dependent Assortment

Dependent Assortment

Allele combos of two genes stay together during meiosis (aB, Ab, AB, ab)

Independent Assortment

Alleles separate when gametes form (alleles segregate from one another).

Principle of Segregation

Two alleles must segregate to form gametes.

Particulate Inheritance

Hereditary determinants (alleles) dont change from generation to generation.

Monohybrid Cross

Cross between two heterozygous individuals.

Hybrids

A combo of two things, in this case two parent’s genes.

Pure Breeding/True Breeding Lines

Two pure individuals that cross genetic info and produce an offspring.

Gregor Mendel

Guy who used pea plants, Independent vs. Dependent Assortment

Genetic Recombination

The recombination of alleles to form new genotypes.

One-Gene One-Enzyme Hypothesis

The hypothesis claiming that genes can only code for one specific protein.

Ploidy

Number of sets of chromosomes within a cell.

Chromatin

A group of DNA, RNA, and proteins found in the nucleus of cells, packages DNA into more dense and compact structures.

Loci/Locus

A specific point on a chromosome where a gene can be found.

Semi-conservative DNA Replication

Double stranded DNA separates into two single strands to act as a template during replication.

Histone Proteins

Proteins that DNA structures coil around to produce a chromosome.

Phosphodiester Linkage

The bonds that hold the phosphate-sugar backbone together in strands of DNA.

Pyrimidine

T, U, C

Purine

A, G