DAP Lab Practical 2

Arth-, Arthr-

Joint

Carpus

Wrist

Chondr-

Cartilage

-clast

To break

Cost-

Ribs

Myel-

Bone marrow

Oss-, osteo-

Bone

Syn-

Union

Tarsus

Ankle

Osteology

The study of bones

Ossien

1/3 of bone

Organic

Tricalcium phosphate

2/3 of bone

Inorganic

Exoskeleton

Hard, outer skeleton outside of the body

Endoskeleton

Skeleton embedded within the muscle

Axial skeleton

Skull, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum

Not highly mobile - protect major organs

Appendicular skeleton

Appendages or limbs

Aid in motion of organism

Heterotrophic bones

Splanchnic or visceral bones

Bones embedded in the organs

Most do not serve a function

Os rostrale

Bone in the snout of the pig

Ossa cordis

Bones in the heart of cattle, sheep, and goats

Os phrenic

Bone in the diaphragm of camels

Ossa penis

Bones in the penis of carnivores (dogs, cats) and rodents

Scleral rings

Round bones found in the eyes birds

Hyoid apparatus

Found in the tongue of avians and mammals

Ossa

Plural of os

Origin

End of the muscle that is attached to a stationary part of bone

Insertion

The end of the muscle that is attached to a mobile section of bone

Tendon

Attach muscles to bone

Ligaments

Attach bone to bone

Epiphysis

Two ends of long bone

Diaphysis

Shaft of long bone

Epiphyseal plate

Growth region of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Epiphyseal line

Line formed in the bone when growth has ended - remnant of epiphyseal plate

Endosteum

Membrane lining the medullary cavity

Periosteum

Membrane covering the outer surface of the bone composed of connective tissue

Full of nerves while bone itself does not

Medullary cavity

Hollow area in center of the bone where bone marrow is located

Diploe

Spongy bone (cancellous bone)

Compact bone

Dense, hard layer of bone

Yellow bone marrow

Composed of adipocytes and stem cells

Red bone marrow

Gives rise to red blood cells, platelets, and some white blood cells

Long bone

Dumb-bell shaped

Aid in movement and carry the weight of the body

Ex: femur, fibula, tibia

Flat bone

Flat in 2 dimensions

Provide protection to vital organs

Ex: skull bones, sternum, os coxae, costae, scapulae

Short bone

Round or cubicle in shape

Reduce friction and concussion

Ex: carpels

Sesamoid bones

Bones that form in tendons and aid in movement - short bone classification

Ex: patella

Irregular bone

Bones of vertebral column

Pneumatic bone

Bones that contain spaces filled with air

Air pockets and excavations in skull

Ex: Flight, respiration, sinuses

Joints

Points at which two or more bones meet

Lined with cartilage to cushion and smooth movement

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Synovial

Freely moving, wide range of motion

Largest group of joints

Fibrous

Immovable, do not move

May overlap or interlock and are held together by fiber

Cartilaginous

Slightly movable, allows for some movement

Bones are held together by ligaments and padded with cartilage

Immovable

Non-mobile, joints found in the skull

Hinge

Extension and flexion, elbow or knee

Pivot

Rotation of one bone around another, joint just below the skull and between C1 and C2

Ball-and-socket

Flexion, extension, abduction, abduction, and rotation

Ex: Shoulder, hip joints

Condyloid

Flexion, extension, abduction, abduction, and circumduction

Found in wrist and foot

Gliding

Allows for smooth gliding motions

Ex: wrist, vertebrae

Saddle

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction

Found in thumb

Fibula

Latin or Greek for brooch

Early life bones

Soft and flexible cartilage - ossified into hard, strong bone

Pygostyle

Tail bone in birds

Average Cervical Vertebrae

7

Chicken cervical vertebrae

14

Average thoracic vertebra

13

Average lumbar vertebra

6-7

Average sacral vertebra

3-5

Coccygeal vertebrae

Tail region

15-23 for tailed

4-6 for non-tailed

A-, an-

Without

-osis

Condition of, state caused by

Ad-, af-

To, toward

Dia-

Through

Dis-, dys-

Difficult

Ex-, ef-, ab-

Away from

-rrhea

Flowing

Digestive tract

Tube extending from the mouth to the anus

Accessory organs

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

Mechanical breakdown of feed or produce secretions for chemical breakdown

Rumination cycle

Regurgitation, reinsalvation, remastication, redeglutition

Regurgitation

After feed has been initially chewed and swallowed, the reticulum initiates retrieval so it can return to the mouth

Reinsalvation

Salivary glands add more mucin and bicarbonate to assist in breaking down the feed more

Remastication

Rechewing the feed

Redeglutition

Re-swallowing the feed

Teeth

Function in pretension and particle reduction

Tongue

Pretension, mixing, and taste

Salivary glands

Produce saliva

Saliva contents

Mucin, bicarbonate, and urea in a water solution

Salivary amylase

Saliva content NOT in ruminants

Esophagus

Connects pharynx to stomach

Transport food from pharynx to stomach by peristalsis

Returns ingesta in reticulum to mouth during regurgitation

Stomach

Divided into four compartments

Reticulum

Initiates regurgitation

Honeycomb stomach - hardware stomach

Rumen

Site of microbial fermentation of feed and absorption of volatile fatty acids

Numerous closely packed protrusions called papillae

Omasum

Water absorption

Interior comprised of numerous folds or leaves like pages in a book

Abomasum

Glandular “true” stomach

Produces HCl, pepsinogen, and intrinsic factor

Stores, mixes, physical breakdown, and initial digestion of protein

Secretes lysozyme and gastrin

Rugae (longitudinal wrinkles)

Secretes rennin that curdles milk in newborn mammals

Greater omentum

Overlays the stomach

Lace-like appearance

Part of immune system - leukocyte production

Esophageal groove

2 folds that close when young suckles to let milk bypass the reticulum and rumen so its not fermented

Connects the esophagus to the abomasum

Liver

Metabolic nutrient processing and secretion of bile in digestion

Secretes angiotensinogen and IGF-1

Makes plasma proteins

Disposes of hormones, drugs and toxins

Site for gluconeogenesis - process of producing glucose

Gall bladder

Stores bile

Excretes bile into duodenum

Pancreas

Produces bicarbonate, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, and pancreatic amylase

Production of insulin and glucagon

Small intestine

Produces enterokinase, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, maltase, and lactase

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Duodenum

Shortest portion of small intestine

Receives chyme from the abomasum

Produces bicarbonate and receives bile from gall bladder and pancreatic secretions from pancreas

Jejunum

Middle portion of small intestine Receives- usually the longest

Digestion of protein and carbohydrate

Absorption of amino acids, monosaccharides, calcium, fatty acids, and iron

Ileum

Absorption of bile salts, water, electrolytes, and vitamin B12

Connects to large intestine

Ileocecal valve

Regulates flow of material from ileum into large intestine