Human Development, Diversity, & Behavior in the Environment

This set of flashcards covers key concepts from theories of human development, psychology, and their applications in understanding behavior and cultural dynamics.

Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage in Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring from 0-1 year, where infants learn to trust caregivers for security.

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

The second stage in Erikson's theory, occurring from 1-3 years, where children develop independence and learn to make choices.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage, from 3-6 years, where children assert control through directing play and other social activities.

Industry vs. Inferiority

The fourth stage in Erikson's model, from 6-12 years, where children develop a sense of pride in accomplishments and abilities.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erikson's fifth stage, occurring from 12-18 years, where adolescents explore independence and develop a sense of self.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

The sixth stage in Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring in young adulthood, focusing on forming intimate relationships.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

The seventh stage in Erikson's theory, occurring from 40s to mid-60s, where individuals need to create or nurture things that will outlast them.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's eighth stage, occurring in late adulthood, where individuals reflect on their lives and feel a sense of fulfillment or regret.

Cognitive Development

Refers to the mental skills and knowledge that develop over a person's lifetime, often studied in the context of Piaget's stages.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory in psychology proposed by Abraham Maslow, outlining a series of needs, from physiological to self-actualization.

Behavioral Theory

A theory of personality that posits behavior is learned through interactions with the environment via rewards and punishments.

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies used unconsciously to protect oneself from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.

Role Conflict

A psychological phenomenon that occurs when an individual faces competing demands from different roles they occupy.

Communication: Meta Communication

The unspoken part of communication, involving body language, tone, and context that influences how a message is interpreted.

Cognitive Dissonance

The mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or ideas.

Pre-conventional Morality

The first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in children where behavior is based on rewards and punishments.

Cultural Competence

The ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with people across cultures.

Acculturation

The process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group while maintaining one's original culture.

Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.

Interpersonal Relationships

The connections and interactions that occur between two or more individuals.