Mr. Johnson Chapter 14

WW1 original name

Great War

- called this because aspects of this war, the world had never seen before.

Causes of the war

Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, alliances

Nationalism before WW1

Ethnic groups longing for a nation

- Slavics in balkans and Austria-Hungary

- Irish in Great Britain

- Poles in Russia

Imperialism before WW1

Competition for lands, especially in Africa

Dark Continent

Africa is called this because the Europeans knew so little about it

Berlin Conference

Leaders of Europe came together to discuss how to take Africa.

Militarism

Aggressive preparation for war

Pre WW1 Alliances

Triple Alliance = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente = France, England, Russia

During WW1 Alliances

Triple Alliance -> Central Powers

Triple Entente -> Allied Powers

Socialist Labor Movement

Greed -> socialism -> unions

Hidden objective of entering the war

Suppress strikes and socialist movements

June 28, 1914

Francis Ferdinand = Future king of Austria-Hungary

Serbians (Russians) in Bosnia kill Francis Ferdinand

Who killed Francis Ferdinand

A Bosnian Serb who supported Slavic nationalism

How do alliances become known?

Alliances materialize from being secret to public

Mobilization meaning

Process of assembling troops

Russia mobilization

Russia had a problem because the y couldn't partially mobilize. Russia is not ready for war

Schlieffen Plan

Bi-Coastal fight. Germany will fight France then come back and easily defeat Russia because it was weak.

Germany calling war

Germany declared war on France on Aug 3, 1914 and called war on Russia on Aug 1, 1914

Stalemate meaning

Tie

Propaganda vs. Advertising

Propaganda is through government, and advertising is business. They are essentially the same thing

How did Nike get their saying?

Someone on death row awaiting execution

Why were people more likely to fight in WW1?

They thought differently because they thought the war would be over by Christmas

Western Front

Western = France

Turned to a stalemate because of trench warfare

Eastern Front

Germany defeats Russia

Italy joins the Triple Entente

Shift in war

Trench warfare -> war of attrition

War of attrition meaning

Wear down enemies until they have nothing left

Why was trench warfare a problem for military leaders

Leaders had trained their military to be mobile

Was trench warfare useful?

No, war of attrition was used in response

What did the stalemate lead to

Call in the new allies

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers of WW1

Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and US

Was the US really neutral?

No, they didn't send troops but were sending supplies to the Allies

England's naval blockade vs. Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare

Naval blockade = no supplies in and out above water

Submarines = same thing below water

May 7, 1915

Germans sank British Lusitania

- ~1,100 people on the boat; ~100+ Americans died

Was the sinking warranted?

Lusitania was a luxury cruise liner but it had 173 tons of ammunition on the trip. Sinking was warranted

effects of the sinking of the Lusitania

Allowed propaganda in the US (Detroit Free Press), got people on board for war.

Made Germans look like savages and got people mad at them

Cause and effect of submarine warfare

Cause: Germany continued to use unrestricted submarine warfare

Effect: Starve Britain into submission

Why does the U.S. join the war in 1917?

The 100 American deaths

Impacts of Total War

complete mobilization of resources and people

Effects of the planned economy

The difference between soldiers at war and civilians at home were narrowed. Everyone was at war

Manipulation of public opinion

Morale is going down as the war goes on

Suppression of Civil Liberties during war or attack

- Freedom of Speech

Defense of the Realm Act (DORA)

Law passed in Britain that allowed the government to arrest protestors as traitors. Newspapers were censored and publication was suspended.

Flu Epidemic of 1918

Nicknamed the Spanish Flu

Spanish Flu origins

Flu came from Riley, Kansas. The city has a military base and they all got the flu, were called to war, and their first stop was Spain.

Spanish Flu Effects

Flu lasted for 2 years -> 675,000 Americans killed + 50 million killed globally

Women's roles in war

Women fill the void of workers left by the war but lose those potions after the war. Women suffrage is gained by most countries.

Reasons why Russians were not prepared to fight in WW1

- 1905: defeated by Japan and Revolution

- No competent leadership

- Czar took over the military = doesn't know what he is doing

- Inferior weaponry

- Heavy casualties of war: 2 million dead + 4-6 million captured or wounded

March 8, 1917

Women march to the city demanding peace, bread, and riddance of the autocracy

Russian political shifts

Russians -> socialists -> soviets -> bolsheviks -> communists

Lenin's belief

Only violent revolution could destroy the capitalist system

Who would lead the change in Lenin's belief

A small party of well-disciplined, professional, revolutions to accomplish the task.

Backbone of Russian Revolution

Soviets of soldiers, workers, and peasants

Germany's plan:

Send Lenin to Russia on a sealed train to stop his spread of socialist ideas in Germany

Lenin's promises

1) End war

2) redistribute all land

3) transfer factories and industries to worker committees

4) transfer power from provisional government -> soviets

End of October 1917

Bolsheviks seize power

Who has the real and pretend power within the Bolsheviks?

Real: council headed by Lenin

Pretend: Congress of soviets

March 3, 1918

Russia leaves WW1

Does Russia see peace after leaving WW1

No, Russia goes straight into civil war

Result of Russia leaving war

Russia gives up Eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Baltic provinces

- Russia wants Ukraine now because their history started there

Civil War in Russia

Who vs who? Anti-Leninists (White, non-communist) vs. Leninists (Red, communist)

Russia name change

Russia -> United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)

Reasons why communists won

1) Red was well organized and had disciplined forces

2) White forces were disjointed and no common goal, Red had a common goal

3) Red used fear (Red Cheka/Red Terror)

4) White forces were mostly outsiders = patriotism for Red

- They Not Like Us

Last year of WW1

Russia out, US in

US provides morale, troops, money, weapons, goods

Schlieffen Plan

US gives France money and supplies to attack Germany

Lenin takes Russia out of WW1

Allies issue with government

Allies not willing to make peace with Germany's autocratic government

Germany government shift

Autocratic government -> democratic government (New social democrats)

- New Social Democrats agree to armistice

Armistice signing effects

Signed November 11, 1918 at the 11th hour

Effects: WW1 ends + Veteran's Day

From 2 we get many

Austria-Hungary Empire ->

Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic, Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Kosovo, Herzegovina

Difference reasons for starting war in 1914 and 1918

1914: territorial gains

1918: more idealistic reasons for the war

- different ethnic groups, nationalism

Wilson's Proposals (14 points)

- Reduce armaments (military forces or weapons)

- ensuring self-determination (right of each people to have their own nation)

- peace agreements done openly rather than in secret diplomacy

- league of nations -> united nations

How did Wilson come up with his proposals

All the things that started WW1 - stop it

New World Order

Democracy + international cooperation

France demands at Paris Peace Conference

All weapons removed from Germany

Complications for Wilson

Secret agreements regarding land made before the war

Big Three

France, U.S., Great Britain

Treaty of Versailles

France getting demands from Germany

War guilt clauses = you must document your involvement in the war

- Germany signed it even though Serbia started the war

Germany paid reparations

Reduction of Germany's troops to 100,000

Demilitarized zone in the Rhine river

New nations

Finland, Latvia, Poland, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia, and Kosovo (Yugoslavia)

Ottoman Empire loses war

If Arabs joined the war it would be a guaranteed win for the promised land.

Jewish people want to come home

Ottoman Empire cuts a deal with Jewish people, empire now under control of France and western countries.

Israel + Jewish people know how to push people out, that is why we have the wars we have now

3 effects of WW1

Government power over people's lives increased

Freedom of press and speech limited for national security

Made the practice of strong central authority a way of life.