Clover Qs

Which 3 of the following pathologies would require an INCREASE in technical factors?

Osteopetrosis
Advanced Paget's disease
Active osteomyelitis
Pulmonary edema
Emphysema

Osteopetrosis
Advanced Paget's disease
Pulmonary Edema

Which 3 of the following are arteries that originate directly from the arch of the aorta?

Brachiocephalic artery
Right common carotid artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery

Which drug is contraindicated and should be discontinued during and 48 hours after administration of iodinated contrast media on a patient? Known to have severe chronic kidney disease?

Metformin

Hepatitis A can be spread through contaminated food. This method of infection is called:

Vehicle

Which 4 of the following are considered somatic effects? (select 4)

Nausea
Fatigue
Fever
Temporary sterility
Genetic mutations

Nausea
Fatigue
Fever
Temporary sterility

Cassette-based radiography is also called:

A. Direct Radiography

B. Computed Radiography

C. Computed Tomography

D. Fluoroscopy

B. Computed Radiography

The plate reader used in computed radiography (CR) is also called the:

A. Digitizers

B. Thin-film transistor (TFT)

C. Scintillator

D. Charge-coupled device (CCD)

A. Digitizers

Which of these materials are essential to the design of the imaging plate in CR imaging systems?

A. Carbon fibers

B. Rare-earth metals

C. Photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP)

D. Amorphous selenium (a-Se)

C. Photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP)

What layer of a computed radiography imaging plate captures x-ray energy transmitted through the patient?

A. Protective layer

B. Phosphor layer

C. Conductive layer

D. Light shield layer

B. Phosphor layer

What portion of the CR imaging plate protects the plate from unwanted light and background radiation?

1. Protective Layer

2. Phosphor layer

3. Conductive layer

4. Light shield layer

A. 1 only

B. 2 and 3

C. 3 and 4

D. All of the above

C. 3 and 4

The phosphor layer in a computed radiography (CR) imaging plate is composed of:

A. Barium Flourohalides

B. Amorphous Selenium (a-Se)

C. Amorphous Silicon

D. Cesium Iodide

A. Barium Flourohalides

When the phosphor layer of a CR imaging plate is stimulated by x-rays, what is the initial response of the phosphor?

A. Release of an electrical signal

B. Release of a magnetic field

C. Release of light photons

D. Release of x-ray photons

C. Release of light photons

Luminescence refers to which of the following?

A. Release of an electrical signal

B. Release of a magnetic field

C. Release of light photons

D. Release of x-ray photons

C. Release of light photons

The outer cassette of a CR imaging system may be made of:

A. Carbon fibers

B. Rare-earth metals

C. Photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP)

D. Amorphous selenium (a-Se)

A. Carbon fibers

The image information stored in a computed radiography (CR) imaging plate prior to processing is called the:

A. Ariel image

B. Latent image

C. Manifest image

D. Digital image

B. Latent image

Which of the following materials is responsible for storing the latent image within the computed radiography (CR) imaging plate:

A. Helium-neon

B. Rare-earth metals

C. Photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP)

D. Amorphous selenium (a-Se)

C. Photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP)

What is the name of the device that is needed to transfer the latent image within the imaging plate to a viewable digital radiograph?

A. PSP

B. Developer

C. Digitizer

D. Scintillator

C. Digitizer

The purpose of the laser within the computed radiography (CR) digitizer is to:

A. Release latent image from the photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP) layer

B. Release latent image from the conductor layer

C. Erase the latent image from the photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP) layer

D. Erase the latent image from the conductor layer

A. Release latent image from the photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP) layer

The laser light in a computed radiography (CR) reader exposes the plate in a rapid back and forth motion called a:

A. Raster pattern

B. Isotropic pattern

C. Omni-tropic pattern

D. Spiral pattern

A. Raster pattern

The role of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) within the computed radiography (CR) system is to:

A. Convert light photons to a digital image

B. Collect and multiply the light photons

C. Release the latent image from the image receptor

D. Convert the analog data to a digital signal

B. Collect and multiply the light photons

The primary function of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) within the computed radiography (CR) digitizer is to:

A. Convert light photons into an electrical signal

B. Convert x-rays into a light signal

C. Convert electrical signals to x-ray energy

D. Convert electrical signals into a digital signal

D. Convert electrical signals into a digital signal

In the final stage of CR processing within the image reader, the imaging plate is exposed to:

A. Laser light

B. Infrared light

C. Ultraviolet light

D. Fluorescent light

D. Fluorescent light

Which of the following devices may be used in place of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) within a CR image reader system?

A. Thin-film transistor (TFT)

B. Charge-coupled device (CCD)

C. Kyber crystal

D. Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)

B. Charge-coupled device (CCD)

Cassette-less radiography systems do NOT use:

A. x-rays

B. plate readers

C. buckies

D. radiation

B. plate readers

Direct radiography (DR) imaging equipment may include which of these image receptor designs?

1. Wired flat panel receptor

2. Wireless flat panel receptor

3. Cassette-based imaging plates

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. 1 and 2 only

D. 1,2, and 3

C. 1 and 2 only

What aspect of a cassette-less image receptor system creates bursts of light?

A. Thin-film transistor (TFT) array

B. Scintillator layer

C. Photodiode

D. Charge-coupled device

B. Scintillator layer

An imaging system that converts x-rays directly into an electrical signal will NOT include which of these components?

A. Thin-film transistor (TFT) array

B. Photodiode

C. Amorphous Selenium detector

B. Photodiode

Which of these devices in a cassette-less image receptor convert light into electrons?

A. Thin-film transistor (TFT) array

B. Scintillator layer

C. Photodiode

D. Amorphous Selenium detector

C. Photodiode

Direct radiography systems typically use a thin-film transistor (TFT). This device functions to:

A. Convert x-rays into light

B. Convert light into electrons

C. Collect electrical charge

D. Convert electrical into a digital signal

C. Collect electrical charge

Which of these devices in an image receptor can collect and convert light into an electrical signal?

1. Thin-film transistor (TFT) array

2. Scintillator layer

3. Photodiode

4. Charge-coupled device (CCD)

A. 1 and 2

B. 2 and 3

C. 3 and 4

D. All of the above

C. 3 and 4

What compound is used in flat panel radiography receptors to convert in coming x-rays directly into an electrical signal?

A. Cesium iodide

B. Amorphous Selenium

C. Amorphous Silicon

D. Gadolinium

B. Amorphous Selenium

Which of the following devices acts as a switch to release the electric charge collected by the detector element?

A. Thin-film transistor (TFT)

B. Scintillator layer

C. Photodiode

D. Charge-coupled device (CCD)

A. Thin-film transistor (TFT)

Radiographic detectors are responsible for capturing the aerial image and converting x-rays to a(n):

A. Electrical signal

B. Digital matrix

C. Picture element

D. Pixel

A. Electrical signal

Within a digital radiography image matrix, 1024 x 1024 refers to:

A. The number of pixels in the matrix

B. The size of pixels in the matrix

C. The number of brightness levels displayed in the matrix

D. The physical measurement of the matrix

A. The number of pixels in the matrix

Which of the listed radiographic matrixes creates an image with the smallest pixels?

A. 1024 x 1024

B. 512 x 512

C. 256 x 256

D. 2048 x 2048

D. 2048 x 2048

Which of the listed radiographic matrixes would produce the greatest spatial resolution?

A. 1024 x 1024

B. 512 x 512

C. 256 x 256

D. 2048 x 2048

D. 2048 x 2048

How is the pixel size within a radiographic image affected by increasing the exposure field size?

A. No effect

B. Increased pixel size

C. Decreased pixel size

B. Increased pixel size

Calculate the pixel size given these variables:

Matrix size = 512 x 512

Field-of-View = 12 cm

mA = 5

kVp = 78

A. 0.023 cm

B. 42 cm

C. 0.000046 cm

D. 0.117 cm

A. 0.023 cm

Which of these factors would produce a radiographic image with the highest spatial resolution?

1. Increased pixel size

2. Increased matrix size

3. Increased field-of-view

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. 3 only

D. 1, 2, and 3

B. 2 only

Bit depth is defined as:

A. The total number of brightness levels that can be produced by the digital system

B. The total line-pairs per cm that can be resolved by the digital system

C. The smallest exposure difference that can be detected by the digital system

D. The total number of photons striking the digital receptor

A. The total number of brightness levels that can be produced by the digital system

How many shades of gray can be displayed by an 8-bit radiography system?

A. 256 shades

B. 64 shades

C. 8 shades

D. 1024 shades

A. 256 shades

Which of the following bit depths enables a radiography system to display the greatest amount of anatomic information in an image?

A. 12-bit system

B. 8-bit system

C. 4-bit system

D. 2-bit system

A. 12-bit system

Quantization is a digital radiography process through which detector readings are:

A. Converted to specific brightness levels

B. Amplified for processing

C. Normalized across the exposure field

D. Compared to expected exposure values

A. Converted to specific brightness levels

Where does quantization take place during x-ray image processing?

A. In the analog-to-digital converter

B. In the detector assembly

C. In the x-ray tube housing

D. In the technologist's control console

A. In the analog-to-digital converter

The smallest exposure difference that can be detected and displayed by the imaging system is called:

A. Contrast resolution

B. Spatial resolution

C. Receptor exposure

D. Subject contrast

A. Contrast resolution

Which of the following factors influence the grayscale of a digital radiograph?

A. Bit depth

B. Matrix size

C. Pixel size

D. Pixel pitch

A. Bit depth

Which of these changes will increase the contrast resolution of a radiographic system?

A. Increased bit depth

B. Increased receptor size

C. Increased exposure latitude

D. Decreased pixel size

A. Increased bit depth

Which of these x-ray systems will have the highest contrast resolution?

A. 12-bit system

B. 8-bit system

C. 4-bit system

D. 2-bit system

A. 12-bit system

Cassette-based radiography is also called:

a) directed radiography

b) computed radiography

c) computed tomography

d) fluoroscopy

b) computed radiography

The plate used in computed radiography (CR) is also called the

a) IP

b) Thin film transistor

c) Charged coupled device

d) Scintillator

a) IP

protective layer

provide high resolution to the image

turbid

random disturbation of phosphors

columnar phosphors

protect the phosphors

reflective layer

directs the light toward the photo multiplier

What represents the latent image in the PSP CR system?

a) chemical reaction in the processor

b) ionized silver halide crystals

c) scattered photons in the patient

d) electrons trapped in the conduction band

d) electrons trapped in the conduction band

Erasure of a photo-stimulable phosphor (PSP) is accomplished using which of the following?

a) Laser light

b) Infrared light

c) Ultraviolet light

d) White light

d) White light

The laser light in a computed radiography (CR) reader exposes the plate in a rapid back and forth motion called a:

a) Isotropic pattern

b) Omni-tropic pattern

c) raster pattern

d) Spiral pattern

c) raster pattern

What layer of a computed radiography imaging plate captures x-ray energy transmitted through the patient?

a) protective layer

b) phosphor layer

c) conductive layer

d) Light shield layer

b) phosphor layer

What portion of the CR imaging plate protects the plate from unwanted light and background radiation?

1. Protective Layer

2. Phosphor layer

3. Conductive layer

4. Light shield layer

a) 1 only

b) 2 and 3 only

c) 3 and 4 only

d) all of the above

c) 3 and 4 only

When the phosphor layer of a CR imaging plate is stimulated by x-rays, what is the initial response of the phosphor?

a) Release of an electrical signal

b) Release of a magnetic field

d) Release of light photons

d) Release of light photons

A process used to identify the useful pixels values in the digital image is called:

a) Rescaling

b) Look up table

c) Histogram analysis

d) Digitization

c) Histogram analysis

Which of these processes identifies the values of interest in a radiograph prior to processing?

a) look up table

b) histogram analysis

c) Rescaling

d) Digitization

b) histogram analysis

Which of the following are primary parts of a typical direct radiography system (DR) system?

a) photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate

b) charge-coupled device

c) x-ray scintillator

d) cassette

e) A -Se

e) A -Se

Which of the following are primary parts of a typical computed radiography system (CR) system? pick the best answer

a) photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate

b) charge-coupled device

c) x-ray scintillator

d) cassette

e) photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate and cassette

e) photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate and cassette

Which method uses a scintillator that converts x-rays to light and then to an electronic signal?

a) DR direct capture

b) DR indirect capture

c) Computed radiography

d) Cassette- based technology

b) DR indirect capture

The human eye can only appreciate approximately _____ shades of gray at any particular level.

a) 15

b) 20

c) 25

d) 30

d) 30

Dynamic range in radiographic imaging is defined as:

a) The range of exposures that can be captured by a detector

b) The range of exposure that produces quality images at an appropriate patient dose

c) The number of x-ray photons striking the image receptor

d) The sharpness of structural lines recorded in the radiographic image

a) The range of exposures that can be captured by a detector

Exposure latitude is defined as:

a) The range of exposures that can be captured by a detector

b) The range of exposure that produces quality images at an appropriate patient dose

c) The number of x-ray photons striking the image receptor

d) The sharpness of structural lines recorded in the radiographic image

b) The range of exposure that produces quality images at an appropriate patient dose

Consider an x-ray exposure that results in a receptor exposure BELOW the level of the dynamic range. The resulting image is expected to display:

a) Quantum mottle

b) Saturation artifact

c) Excessive contrast

d) Geometric distortion

a) Quantum mottle

The ability to produce quality radiographs at a wide range of technical factors is called:

a) Contrast resolution

b) Spatial resolution

c) Exposure latitude

d) bit depth

c) Exposure latitude

Radiographic detectors are responsible for capturing the aerial image and converting x-rays to a(n):

a) Electrical signal

b) Digital matrix

c) Picture element

d) Pixel

a) Electrical signal

Within a digital radiography image matrix, 1024 x 1024 refers to:

a) The number of pixels in the matrix

b) The size of pixels in the matrix

c) The number of brightness levels displayed in the matrix

d) The physical measurement of the matrix

a) The number of pixels in the matrix

Which of the listed radiographic matrixes would produce the greatest spatial resolution?

a) 1024 x 1024

b) 512 x 512

c) 256 x 256

d) 2048 x 2048

d) 2048 x 2048

Calculate the pixel size given these variables:

Matrix size = 512 x 512

Field-of-View = 12 cm

mA = 5

kVp = 78

a) 0.023 cm

b) 42 cm

c) 0.000046 cm

d) 0.117 cm

a) 0.023 cm