AP MUSIC FINAL REVIEW TERMS

Accent

emphasis on one note

agogic accent

accent when one note is longer than the others

allegro

fast tempo, lively or merry

Andante

moderately slow tempo, I.e. walking

Arpeggiation

playing the notes of a chord one after the other

adagio

a slow tempo

autentic cadence

cadence consisting of the dominant-to-tonic progression (V-I)

deceptive cadence

cadence with progression from the dominant to a chord other than the tonic (commonly V-VI)

half cadence

cadence consisting of a progression ending on the dominant (commonly IV-V, I-V, II-V)

general cadence

formula consisting of two chords that bring a phrase, section, or composition to a conclusion

plagal cadence

progression from subdominant to tonic (IV-I [amen cadence])

chordal texture

texture in which musical material is concentrated into chords with relatively little melodic activity

Chromaticism

pitches of the chromatic scale into music that is basically diatonic in orientation, or music based on the chromatic scale instead of the diatonic scales

circle progression definition

chord progression that consists of a series of chords with descending fifth root relationships

circle progression notes

I–IV–vii°–iii–vi–ii–V–I

alto clef

movable clef that signifies the middle c is on the middle line of the staff

soprano clef

moveable clef that signifies that middle c is on the bottom of the staff

tenor clef

movable clef that signifies the middle c is on the fourth line of the staff

common time

4/4 meter signature

common chord

chord that is diatonic to both keys in a modulation

compound division

the division of the beat into three equal parts

consonance

combination of sounds producing a feeling of repose or little desire for resolution

consonance TONES

P1, P5, P8, M3, m6, m3, M6

cross relation

conflict produced by a tone in one voice followed by another voice by the same tone

cut time

2/2 meter signature

degree

one of the notes in a scale

diatonic

any one of the common scales made of whole steps and half steps in a particular pattern

dissonance

a combination of sounds that produce harsh or discordant results that increase the dire for resolution

dissonance TONES

M2, m2, M7, m7, P4

divisive rhythm

a rhythmic system

dominant

the fifth scale degree of a diatonic scale

double period

a succession of four phrases in which each of the first three is punctuated by a half cadence and the fourth is terminated by an authentic cadence

duple meter

a meter that consists of two beats

dyanmic meter

an accent created when one note is louder than surrounding notes. often indicated with the accent sign

elision

one patter overlaps or coincides with the beginning of the next

embellishing tone

melodic decorations and ornaments to structural or secondary tones

enharmonic

two tones having the same pitch but different spelling (I.e. f sharp and g flat)

expanded monophonic texture

monophonic texture when a single melody is doubled at various intervals

figured bass

a bass melody with numbers and musical symbols beneath it to indicate the chords to be played

harmonic support

harmonic aspect of accompiant in a hompphonic texture

imitation

repetition of a melody or melodic group in close succession, but in a different voice. the repetition of a melody at a different pitch levels in polyphonic texture

imitation— real

an imitation with no modifications except for the usual diatonic adjustment of half and whole steps. the exact transposition of a melody at different pitch levels

compound interval

any interval greater than an octave

largetto

a tempo slightly faster than largo

largo

a very slow tempo

major scale

scale with half steps between the third and fourth and the seventh and eighth scale degrees

asymmetrical meter

meters in which the pulse cannot be divided into equal groupings of two, three or four in the measure, for example: 7/4, 5/4, 11/8

simple meter

meters whose upper numbers are 1, 2, 3, or 4

compound meter

meter in which the basic pulse my be subdivided into groups of three

aeolian mode

system of seven tones with the same arrangement as the natural minor key (A to A on the white keys of the piano)

dorian mode

a system of seven tones with the same arrangement as from D to D on the white keys of the piano

Ionian mode

a system of seven tones with the same arrangement as our major key scale (C to C on white keys of the piano)

Locrian mode

a system of seven tones with the same arrangement as from B to B on the white keys of the piano

Lydian mode

a system of seven tones with the same arrangement as from E to E on the white keys on the piano

modes in order of key it starts in

aeolian, locrian, Ionian, dorian, Phrygian, lydian, mixolydian

plagal modes

the octave ranges of Hypodorian, hypophrygian, hypolydian, and hypomixolydian modes begin a p4th below and extend to the p5th above the final

monophonic texture

single melodic line WITHOUT harmonic accompaniment or chords

homophonic texture

single melodic line WITH harmonic accompaniment or chords

natural minor scale

the basic form of a minor scale with half steps between the following scale degrees: 2-3 and 5-6

nondominant seventh chord

all seventh chords that does not have a dominant function (sounds like the caine chord)

nonharmonic tone

a tone that does not fit into the surrounding harmony

anticipation tone

a nonharmonic tone that anticipates a chord tone in the following chord. normally approached by a step and then repeated in the following chord

appoggiatura

a nonharmonic tone preceded by a leap and resolved by step

changing tone

two successive nonharmonic tones. leads from a chord tone by step, leads to another harmonic tone, then leads to a chord tone by step

escape tone

a nonharmonic tone that is approached by step and left by step in the opposite direction

neighboring tone

a nonharmonic tone that is approached by a step and left by step in the same direction

pedal tone (pedal point)

a held or repeated note, usually the lowest-sounding voice, that alternates between consonant and dissonant relationships with the chords above it

retardation

a nonharmonic tone similar to a suspension except that the resolution is upward instead of downward

suspension

a nonharmonic tone that is held over from a previous chord tone and resolves downward by step

mensural notation

measure notation

ostinato

a short musical pattern that is repeated throughout a given passage

parallel supporting melody

a melodic idea that moves essentially in parallel with either a primary or a secondary melody

polyphonic texture

a texture consisting of more than one melodic line

prestissimo

as fast as possible. faster than presto

presto

a very fast tempo. faster than allegro

quadruple meter

a meter consisting of four beats

rhythmic support

the rhythmic support the rhythmic aspect of thee accompaniment in a homophonic texture

round

a canon at the unison. one singer begins the round and, upon reaching a certain point, is joined by a second singer who begins at the beginning

modulating sequence

a sequence that leads from one tonal center to the next. in some sequences of this type each segment is technically in a different key

seventh chord

a triad with an added factor a third above the fifth (seventh above the root)

simple division

the division of the ebat into two equal parts

solfeggio

solfege

sonority

a group of pitches sounding at the same time

spacing

the interval distance between voices or factors of a chord

static support

an unchanging element in a musical texture. static supporting parts may be pedal tones or ostinatos

step progression

selected tones from a melody that give it direction

syncopation

a rhythm in which normally unaccented beats are stressed either through agogic or dynamic accent

tactus

the name given to the pulse in medieval and renaissance music

equal temperament

a system of tuning in which an octave is divided into 12 equal half steps just

just temperament

a system of tuning in which both the fifths and thirds are pure

mean-tone temperament

a system of tuning in which the pure fifths are compromised in favor of pure thirds

pythagorean temperament

a system of tuning in which the tones of the scale are arrived at by selecting a series of 12 pure fifths

tempus imperfectum

a rhythmic system of the medieval and Renaissance periods in which rhythmic values were divided in two parts

tempus perfectum

a rhythmic system of the medieval and renaissance periods in which rhythmic values were divided in three parts

tessitura

the average range of a particular voice or instrument in a composition

texture

the way the melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic materials are woven together

three-part form / ternary form

most often found in homophonic music, but existing as well in three-part polyphony, the first and third parts of which are either the same or nearly so (A, b, a)

tonality

a system of tones used in such a way that one tone becomes central and the remaining tones assume a hierarchy that is based on their intervallic relationship to the central tone or tonal center

tonic

the keynote of a piece of music

tonic accent

an accent created when one note is higher in pitch than surrounding notes