Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1 Review

Flashcards covering introductory biology concepts including levels of organization, homeostasis, anatomical planes, cell organelles, histology, integumentary system, and the skeletal system based on lecture transcripts.

Homeostasis

The steady state of an organism or a state of equilibrium where cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems work together.

Intracellular fluid

Fluid located inside the cell.

Interstitial fluid

The fluid between the cells that make up tissue; a type of extracellular fluid.

Plasma

The fluid portion of blood, making up $55\%$ of blood volume and consisting of approximately $92\%$ water.

Nervous system

One of the two systems that maintain homeostasis by using electrical impulses.

Endocrine system

A system that maintains homeostasis using chemical messengers called hormones.

Mid sagittal plane

A cut at the direct center of the body that results in equal right and left halves.

Parasagittal plane

A cut that divides the body into unequal right and left halves.

Transverse plane

A horizontal cut that separates the top from the bottom of the body.

Oblique plane

A diagonal cut through the body.

Frontal (Coronal) plane

A front to back cut.

Thoracic cavity

A cavity containing three smaller cavities: the right and left pleural cavities (around the lungs) and the pericardium (around the heart).

Mediastinum

The location where the heart is situated, found between the lungs and between the sternum and the fetal cup.

Cytology

The study of cells.

Plasma membrane

The outside portion of the cell that separates the internal environment from the external environment.

Cytoplasm

Contains the cytosol and all organelles and inclusions except for the nucleus.

Organelles

Highly organized structures within the cell that perform specific cellular activities.

Inclusions

Temporary structures in the cell that come and go during the life of the cell.

Ribosomes

Structures located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are synthesized.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum where lipids like cholesterol are put together.

Golgi complex

Also known as the Golgi FRAS or the UPS system of the cell, it packages and delivers chemicals.

Mitochondria

The energy centers of the cell where ATP is produced.

Lysosomes

The digestive system of the cell.

Interface

A collective phase including $G0$, $G1$, $S$, and $G2$ where the cell photocopies genetic material and organelles.

Cytokinesis

The part of cell division where the plasma membrane and cytoplasm pinch inward and split into two cells.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, and forms glands; it is avascular but has a nerve supply.

Simple epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of a single layer of cells.

Stratified epithelium

Epithelial tissue consisting of two or more layers of cells.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Tissue that appears to have multiple layers but only has one; often contains cilia.

Matrix

The collective term for the fibers and ground substance found in connective tissue.

Keratinocytes

Cells in the epidermis that produce keratin.

Melanocytes

Epidermal cells that release a brown black pigment (melanin) to protect against ultraviolet radiation.

Langerhans cells

Epidermal cells that fight infection.

Merkel cells

Epidermal cells responsible for touch or tactile sensation.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of a single layer of cells.

Sudoriferous glands

Sweat glands located in the dermis.

Sebaceous glands

Oil glands that secrete sebum.

Ceruminous glands

Glands that create cerumen, also known as earwax.

Meisser's corpuscles

Corpuscles located in the dermis layer responsible for the sensation of touch.

Pacinian corpuscles

Corpuscles located in the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer responsible for compression.

Epiphysis

The proximal and distal ends of a long bone.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Metaphysis

The area where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet, containing the epiphysial plate in growing bone.

Periosteum

A membrane surrounding the bone where ligaments and tendons attach.

Osteoblasts

Cells that lay down or blast out new bone.

Osteoclasts

Cells that reabsorb or break down bone to put calcium back into the blood.

Greenstick fracture

A type of break that occurs in children where the bone does not break completely in half.

Axial skeleton

The division of the skeletal system that includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Sphenoid bone

A butterfly-shaped bone in the eye socket that contains the sella turcica and orbital fissures.

Foramen magnum

The big hole located in the occipital bone.

Hyoid bone

The only bone in the body that does not make contact with any other bone; located superior to the sternum.

True ribs

Ribs $1$ through $7$.

False ribs

Ribs $8$, $9$, and $10$.

Floating ribs

Ribs $11$ and $12$, which do not make contact anteriorly.

Kifito curves

Primary curves of the vertebral column that you are born with, specifically the thoracic and sacral curves.

Lordata curves

Secondary curves of the vertebral column developed after birth, specifically the cervical and lumbar regions.