Musculoskeletal System

bone marrow

soft tissue within bone; has multiple functions including blood cell production in the red bone marrow

compact bone

harder, denser bone, noncancellous bone

diaphysis

the shaft of a long bone

endosteum

membrane lining the central medullary cavity

epiphysis

the wider ends of a long bone

epiphysis plate

the growth area of a long bone

medullary cavity

space within a long bone's shaft filled with bone marrow

metaphysis

section of a long bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis

osteoblast

bone-forming cell

osteoclast

bone-destroying cell

osteocyte

mature bone cell

periosteum

fibrous membrane surrounding a bone

spongy bone; cancellous bone or trabecular bone

mesh-like bone tissue

axial skeleton

bone of the head, vertebral column, and thorax

appendicular skeleton

bones of the upper and lower limbs and shoulder and pelvic girdles

thorax

the chest

acetabulum

the socket of the hip bone where the femur articulates

acromion

lateral upper section of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle

calcaneus

heel bone

carpal bones

the eight bones of the wrist

clavicle

collar bone

cranium

the skull; composed of eight bones excluding the face bones

femur

thigh bone

fibula

smaller, lateral bone of the lower leg

hip bone (pelvic bone)

large flat bone composed of three fused bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis) on each side

ilium

superior broad part of the hip bone

ischium

inferior, rearmost part of the hip bone

pubis

anterior lower section of the hip bone; pubic bone

humerus

upper arm bone

hyoid

U-shaped bone that supports the tongue

lamina

posterior section of the vertebral arch

mandible

lower jawbone

maxilla

upper jawbone

metacarpal bones

the five bones of the hand between the wrist and fingers

metatarsal bones

the five bones of the foot between the ankle and toes

patella

kneecap

phalanges

the bones of the fingers and toes; there are 14 in each hand and foot

radius

outer forearm bone

ribs

long curved bones that form the bony walls of the chest

scapula

shoulder blade

sternum

anterior bone of thorax; breast bone

tarsal bones

the seven bones of the ankle

tibia

larger inner bone of the lower leg; shin bone

ulna

inner forearm bone

vertebra

bone of the vertebral column

cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)

the seven bones of the vertebral column in the neck

thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

the 12 bones of the vertebral column

lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

the five bones of the vertebral column

sacrum

triangular bone consisting of five fused vertebrae inferior to the lumbar spine

coccyx

three to five fused vertebrae at the inferior end of the spine; tailbone

xiphoid process

lower section of the sternum

articulation

the site where bones come together; joint

bursa

a fluid-filled fibrous sac within some joints

cartilage

dense connective tissue attached to bone in many joints

synovial joint (diarthrosis)

a joint that moves freely and contains synovial fluid in its cavity

intervertebral disc

mass of fibrocartilage between adjacent vertebrae

ligament

band of strong connective tissue that connects bones or cartilage at a joint

meniscus

cartilage structure in the knee

suture

immovable fibrous joint found joining the skull bones

symphysis

joints that moves only slightly

synovial fluid

lubricating fluid in a freely moveable joint

tendon

band of fibrous connective tissue attaching s muscle to a bone

abduction

moving away from the body's midline

adduction

moving toward the body's midline

circumduction

moving in a circular manner, as when throwing a ball

inversion

turning the foot sole inward

eversion

turning the foot sole outward

dorsiflexion

bending the foot upward toward the tibia

plantar flexion

bending the foot downward to point the toes

extension

motion that increases the joint angle

flexion

motion that decreases the joint angle

pronation

turning the palm downward or the foot sole outward

supination

turning the palm upward or the foot sole upward

rotation

moving in circular direction around an axis

agonist

skeletal muscle that creates a movement by contracting; prime mover

antagonist

skeletal muscles that opposes an agonist muscle and relaxes when the agonist contracts

cardiac muscle

heart muscle

fascia

sheet of connective tissue covering a muscle

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

insertion of muscle

end of muscle attached to bone that moves during contraction

origin of muscle

end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during contraction

smooth muscle

nonstriated, voluntary muscle tissue lining organs and blood vessels

skeletal muscle

striated, voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones

tonicity

muscle tone; tonus

ankyl/o

stiff

arthr/o, articul/o

joint

burs/o

bursa

carp/o

carpal (wrist) bones

chondr/o

cartilage

clavic/o, clavicul/o

clavicle

cervic/o

neck

cost/o

rib

crani/o

cranium, skull

disc/o

disc or disk

fasci/o

fascia, band

femor/o

femur

fibul/o

fibula

humer/o

humerus

ili/o

ilium

ischi/o

ischium