FW 104 Exam 3

(T/F) A pit tag is a type of marking used in wildlife management that relies on microchip technology.

True

Using hair snares is a(n) ______ wildlife technique.

1. Invasive

2. Non-invasive

3. Live capture

Non-invasive

_______ nets can only be used to capture bats.

1. Mist

2. Drop

3. Harp

4. Helicopter

Harp

IACUCs review and approve all research projects involving ______.

1. Insects

2. Humans

3. Vertebrates

4. All living things

Vertebrates

(T/F) The Migratory Bird Treaty Act protects birds across international borders.

True

Which of the following is considered a live capture method?

A. Mist netting

B. Ground darting

C. Radar

D. Both A & B

D. Both A & B

(T/F) A sweep net is a type of insect sampling device used in aquatic ecosystems.

False

What can data from non-invasive techniques tell wildlife managers about the target animal(s)?

1. Genetics

2.Sex

3. Disease

4. Species ID

5. All of the above

All of the above

What are the four Flyways across the U.S. for migratory birds?

1. Coastal, Mountains, Flatland, Ocean

2. Pacific, Central, Mississippi, Atlantic

3. West, Midwest, Mideast, East

4. None of the above

Pacific, Central, Mississippi, Atlantic

(T/F) Umbrella species designations are based entirely on the significant ecological role the animal plays in the ecosystem.

False

(T/F) Most species in the U.S. are considered non-game "watchable" wildlife.

True

Small game mammals (rabbits and squirrels) account for ____% of all small game hunting.

1. 20%

2. 40%

3. 60%

4. 100%

60%

(T/F) Managing for wildlife is complex, so regulations for hunting vs. protection varies across the country.

True

(T/F) The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that all federal government agencies consider their impacts on the environment before beginning a project.

True

(T/F) A "candidate" species is one that has been deemed ready to de-list or downlist from the threatened or endangered species list.

False

The United States Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS) oversees which of the following acts?

1. Lacey Act

2. Migratory Bird Treaty Act

3. Pittman-Robertson Act

4. Dingell-Johnson Act

5. All of the above

All of the above

Which one of the following is NOT a discussed criteria for listing an endangered species.

1. cultural value and significance

2. declining due to disease or predation

3. present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of habitat or range

4. inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms

5. other natural human made factors affecting existence

cultural value and significance

_____ is considered any conduct that may harm, kill, or destroy wildlife. It may also include significant habitat modification or degradation that would kill or degrade wildlife organisms by impairing essential behavioral patterns including breeding, feeding, or sheltering.

1. Misuse

2.Fraud

3. Take

4. Strike

Take

____________ is an agreement between many countries to attempt to curtail the international trade of endangered species.

1. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act

2. CITES

3. The National Marine Fisheries Service

4. The Bald & Golden Eagle Protection Act

CITES

(T/F) The Endangered Species Act was the first law instituted to protect wildlife.

False

Which section of the Endangered Species Act discusses the requirement of federal agencies to initiate a consultation with the Fish and Wildlife Service to see if agency action may affect a listed species or critical habitat?

1. Section 4

2. Section 6

3. Section 7

4. Section 9

Section 7

Grumbine states that ecological integrity includes:

a) conservation of only the most important species present

b) protecting total native diversity

c) maintaining natural disturbance regimes

d) both b and c are correct

d) both b and c are correct

According to Ripple and Beschta, the absence of wolves from Yellowstone led to the loss of many and the degradation of ecosystems.

1. a) aspen, riparian

2. b) elk, alpine

3. c) rivers, valley

4. d) bison, plains

a) aspen, riparian

Which of the following is by far the most altered of any of Colorado's major ecological systems?

1. a) alpine tundra

2. b) salt shrub

3. c) shortgrass prairie

4. d) lodgepole pine forest

c) shortgrass prairie

Wolves allow aspen to grow by __________.

a) killing elk so they cannot eat aspen

2. b) chasing elk so they do not eat all the aspen in any one place

3. c) spreading aspen seeds

4. d) both A & B

d) both A & B

Which of the following correctly ranks Colorado ecological systems in order from highest elevation to lowest elevation?

a) short-grass prairie, pinyon/juniper, spruce/fir, alpine

b) alpine, spruce/fir, pinyon/juniper, short-grass prairie

c) alpine, pinyon/juniper, spruce/fir, short-grass prairie

d) spruce/fir, alpine, pinyon/juniper, short-grass prairie

e) spruce/fir, alpine, short-grass prairie, pinyon/juniper

b) alpine, spruce/fir, pinyon/juniper, short-grass prairie

(T/F) Grumbine states that Ecosystem Management must focus on just one level of the ecosystem (e.g., genes, species, populations, or landscapes) at a time to be most effective.

False

Periodic change, destruction, or removal of ecosystem components is defined as _______________.

1. conservation

2. disturbance

3. climate change

4. succession

disturbance

Enhancing pollinator activity is considered a _______ service that wildfires can provide.

1. provisioning

2. regulating

3. cultural

regulating

The type of species that will be able to adapt most to the rapidly changing climate are most likely _____ species?

a) Aquatic

b) K-selected

c) Long lived

d) r selected

e) All of the above

d) r selected

(T/F) Natural disturbance is NOT critical to the functioning of many ecosystems.

False

Which of the following is considered an anthropogenic disturbance?

a) pollution

b) timber harvesting

c) introduced species

d) all of the above

e) A and B only

d) all of the above

Which of the following is NOT true concerning fire disturbance?

1. Fires help regulate pests like lungworm.

2. Fires increase stream flow.

3. Fires maintain open spaces for hunting, gathering and farming.

4. Fires fixate carbon while they are still burning.

Fires fixate carbon while they are still burning.

Which one of these are good ways to change our negative emotions associated with the issue of climate change?

a) Acknowledging any feelings of pain or regret

b) Believing that we can change

c) Allowing permission to grieve

d) Freeing ourselves from consumerism

e) A - D are all correct

f) Only B & C are correct

e) A - D are all correct

(T/F) Climate encompasses daily variations while the weather expresses the big changes over the long term.

False

(T/F) Due to highly successful fire suppression policy in the US, there have been fewer low-intensity surface fires, resulting in more understory fuel for the creation of large and high-intensity crown fires.

True

The process of community development/recovery over time until a relatively stable stage is reached is called _______________.

1. trophic cascade

2. management

3. disturbance

4. succession

succession

Which of the following is NOT an example of disturbance?

1. Predation

2. Light

3. Pollution

4. Avalanche

5. Tornado

Predation

Which one of these is NOT an example of a global response to temperature change?

a) Rising sea level

b) Increased reflectivity of sea ice

c) Glacial retreat

d) Extreme weather events

b) Increased reflectivity of sea ice

Which of these is TRUE about permafrost?

a) Ground needs to be frozen for at least 10 years to be considered permafrost

b) Melting of permafrost can release sequestered methane

c) The layer that thaws annually is called the functional layer

d) Melting of permafrost can cause structural damage

e) B & D are correct

f) A & C are correct

e) B & D are correct

(T/F) Coral bleaching is the death of coral.

False

What are the levels of ecological organization, in order from most specific to broadest?

a) biomes, biosphere, ecosystems

b) ecosystems, biosphere, biomes

c) biosphere, biomes, ecosystems

d) ecosystems, biomes, biosphere

d) ecosystems, biomes, biosphere

(T/F) The definition of ecosystems/ecological systems does not include abiotic components.

False

(T/F) An important tool for effective ecosystem management is thinking about each component of an ecosystem in isolation.

False

Which of the following is true about Zebra Mussels?

a) Females lay about 1000 eggs in one spawning season

b) They are causing native mussels to disappear

c) They were introduced "intentionally"

d) All of the above

b) They are causing native mussels to disappear

(T/F) Invasive species often have k-selected life history traits, which help them "invade" ecosystems

False

(T/F) Any species that is not native to an ecosystem is considered invasive.

False

(T/F) Invasive species are a greater threat to critically endangered terrestrial vertebrate species on islands than on a mainland.

True

According to the Duenas et al. (2021) article, which two taxonomic groups threaten the greatest number of critically endangered species?

1. Fish, Birds

2. Mammals, Pathogens/Parasites

3. Mammals, Amphibians

4. Birds, Mammals

Mammals, Pathogens/Parasites

Which is an example of "intentional" introduction of species?

1. Biological control

2. Escaped pets

3. On ships/recreational boats

4. Moving firewood

Biological control

What is NOT one of the major threats to herptiles discussed in class?

1. Pollution

2. Climate change

3. Disease

4. Harvesting for food

5. Invasive species

6. None of the above

None of the above

According to the article "The Decline of Insect Representation in Biology Textbooks Over Time" , The emphasis, or lack thereof on certain topics in research and education often reflects ______.

1. Importance to the natural world

2.Sentiments held by the public

3. Sentiments held by researchers

4. Economic value

Sentiments held by the public

Insects represent ____ % of individual multicellular life forms on earth.

1. 30

2. 90

3. 70

4. 40

90

(T/F) Bullfrogs in the western US are important to conserving the native ecosystem.

False

Which of the following is NOT a common trait of an amphibian?

1. Lays eggs

2. Lungs/gills & breathe through skin

3. Moist, smooth skin

4. Appendages usually have nails

Appendages usually have nails

(T/F) Insect conservation is NOT often at the forefront of conservation efforts.

True

(T/F) 1/3 of amphibians are imperiled.

True

(T/F) Animal trade and consumption helps prevent spread of viruses.

False

Approximately ___% of the world's oceans are considered "marine wilderness", but only about ____% of the marine wilderness is within protected areas.

1. 50%; 13%

2.13%; 5%

3. 71%; 13%

4. 5%; 13%

13%; 5%

According to the "How Whales Change Climate" video in the Marine Conservation lecture, which of the following is true about whales impact on the ocean?

A) Whales move nutrients throughout the water column

B) Whales fertilize the photic zone, increasing phytoplankton

C) Hunting whales increased the number of fish and krill in the area

D) All of the above

E) A & B only

E) A & B only

According to the ocean life classifications, dolphins would be considered _____ and sea stars would be considered ______.

1. nekton; benthos

2. nekton; plankton

3. nekton; nekton

4. benthos; nekton

nekton; benthos

(T/F) Oceans have very low net primary productivity per m2, but have the highest overall net primary productivity of any ecosystem type.

True

Which of the following is true about marine debris?

A) ~80% of marine debris originates from onshore

B) ~90% of marine floating debris is plastics

C) Plastics can harm wildlife by entanglement and ingestion

D) All of the above

D) All of the above

According to the "Can the Oceans Keep Up with the Hunt?" video, fish populations are in steep decline due to:

a) international treaties being hard to enforce in marine areas

b) unintended capture (bycatch)

c) trawling and longline commercial fishing

d) all of the above

e) A & B only

d) all of the above

(T/F) Protecting marine wilderness areas from commercial fishing is a crucial element to protecting marine wildlife.

True

(T/F) According to the "Can the Oceans Keep Up with the Hunt?" video, hook and line fishing has a significant negative impact on marine fisheries.

False

(T/F) Global marine wilderness is generally much higher in coastal regions than offshore.

False

Why are oceans important to consider for conservation and wildlife management?

a) They are the largest ecosystem on earth (71% of the planet!)

b) They absorb a significant amount of the planet's oxygen

c) They are home to 1/5 of all animal protein consumed by humans

d) All of the above

e) A & C only

e) A & C only

(T/F) The aphotic zone is the area of the ocean where photosynthesis can occur.

False

In the case study video, "Can the Oceans Keep Up with the Hunt," which component is NOT a major concern regarding farmed fish?

1. Escape of farmed fish

2. Rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria

3.Contamination of natural ecosystems

4. Farming of non-carnivorous fish

5. Accumulation of toxins in farmed fish

6. Disease transfer to wild fish

Farming of non-carnivorous fish

(T/F) Plankton are organisms that primarily float and drift with ocean currents.

True

Eutrophication contributes to high algal growth due to:

a) Excessive nutrient runoff from land

b) Toxin accumulation that kills competitors

c) Peak sunlight during the summer

d) None of the above

a) Excessive nutrient runoff from land

(T/F) According to the reading, in urban conservation cases such as that of the wavy-leaved smokebush (Conospermum undulatum), conservationists may have to strike a balance between raising awareness to promote species conservation while simultaneously maintaining secrecy to protect specific locations of the species.

True

According to this week's reading, a study by McDonald et al. 2008 predicted that ___ rare species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - each of which at that time was restricted to a single remaining known population - would be affected by urban growth by the year ______.

1. 15:2030

2.10: 2030

3. 34: 2050

4. 24: 2030

24: 2030

(T/F) Conservation social science is rarely interdisciplinary.

False

____ is the study of ecological processes in urban environments.

1. Ecosystem engineering

2.Urban ecology

3. Urban-rural gradient study

Urban ecology

(T/F) Species that may utilize human resources and survive in urban areas, but do not necessarily receive an added benefit from living with humans are referred to as urban avoiders.

False

According to this week's reading, how much of the habitat of Caley's grevillea (Grevillea caleyi) has been cleared for urban growth to date?

1. 20%

2.50%

3. 75%

4. 85%

85%

What is the correct order of the evolution of conservation management?

1. Era of Exploitation; Preservation Era; Conservation Era; Environmental Era; Present Era

2.Conservation Era; Preservation Era; Era of exploitation; Environmental Era; Present Era

3. Environmental Era; Era of Exploitation; Preservation Era; Conservation Era; Present Era

4. Era of Exploitation; Environmental Era; Conservation Era; Preservation Era; Present Era

Era of Exploitation; Preservation Era; Conservation Era; Environmental Era; Present Era

Which of the following are components of the land ethic?

a) relation between individuals

b) relation between individuals and society

c) relation between individuals and the land

d) all of the above (a, b, and c) are correct

d) all of the above (a, b, and c) are correct

(T/F) Ethics can shift with societies, culture, and times.

True

__________ is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

1.The land ethic

2. Environmental justice

3. Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Environmental justice

A philosophy that encompasses moral principles and values is called a(n) _______.

1. ethic

2. human value

3. environmental regulation

4. none of the above

ethic

Which one of these is NOT on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

a) Social

b) Esteem

c) Power/control

d) Self actualization

e) Safety

f) All of these are on Maslow's Hierarchy of needs

c) Power/control

(T/F) Relational values incorporate the moral responsibility of humans to care for their environment.

True

Regional disturbances might include which of the following?

1. tree falls

2. floods

3. animal wallows/burrows

4. all of the above

5. a & c

floods

Which of the following federal agencies is/are responsible for overseeing the Endangered Species Act?

1. a) The Environmental Protection Agency

2. b) US Fish & Wildlife Service

3. c) National Marine Fisheries Service

4. d) both a & b are correct

5. e) both b & c are correct

e) both b & c are correct

Threat Status, as discussed in our Ecological Systems lecture and related reading, refers to which of the following?

1. The total number of threatened and endangered plant and animals found in a specific ecological system

2.Future and historic trends for development, population growth, and highways in a specific ecological system

3. The conservation tenure, management intent, and potential management effectiveness of a specific ecological system

4. ) The total economic value of a specific ecological system that may be at risk if the system is not effectively protected.

2.Future and historic trends for development, population growth, and highways in a specific ecological system

In the Lords of Nature video, which of the following was true of Aldo Leopold's attitude towards wolves?

1. He was involved in eradication efforts of wolves

2. He tried to convince the Wildlife Commission to allow wolves to persist

3. As an avid hunter, he felt that the abundant populations of deer and elk that resulted from the reduction of wolves was a more important human value than the ecological balance between predators and prey

4. All of the above are true

5. Only a & b are correct

Only a & b are correct

Based on the Invasion Curve (graph) that depicted the rate of invasion with the cost of control and area infested, that we discussed in class, widespread public awareness usually occurs when the likelihood of effective eradication of an invasive species is:

1.a) feasible

2. b) difficult

3. c) impossible

4. d) none of the above

b) difficult