South America Summative

Bering Strait Land Bridge Theory

theory of how people arrived in Americas - emerged between Siberia+Alaska during last ice age between 40,000 - 15,000 years

Kelp Highway Theory

theory of how people arrived in Americas - maritime travel along the Pacific Coast

Pacific Crossing

theory on how people arrived in Americas - ???

Solutrean Hypothesis

theory on how people arrived in Americas - people of the Solutrean culture, 21,000 to 17,000 years ago migrated to North America by boat along the pack ice of the North Atlantic Ocean

Amerigo Vespucci

??????

Candomble

Afro - Brazilian religion

Gaucho

legendary, skilled horsemen (cowboys) and nomadic cattle hands of the South American Pampas

Mestizo

people of combined European (usually Spanish) and Indigenous American descent

Nationalization

state (or gov’t) controls an industry, as opposed to private companies

Privatization

the government has sold industries to mostly foreign investors and companies

Geographic Location of Inca (present day countries)

Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, Colombia

Cuzco

where Inca civilization started

Pachacuti

first leader of Inca

Atahualpa

last ruler of the Inca empire

When was Cuzco found?

4500 BCE (not important until about 1000 - 1400 CE)

How long did the Inca Empire last?

1400 - 1533 CE

Advantages of Andes Mountains

they contain cold snow capped peaks, fertile river valleys, and plateaus, good for agriculture

Disadvantages of Andes

unpredictable, prone to EQ’s

Vertical Economy

planting things on different plots of land at each altitude that might b two/three days apart = variety of dit in each season (didn’t have to go far for new climate die to mountains)

V.E. Advantages

wide variety of foods/other products, protects against harsh/unpredictable weather conditions (can fall back on other plants if one group is destroyed)

Terrace Farming

terrace - platforms carved from mountains, like planters. change in elevation = change in temp = ability to grow diff crops at each level (diff levels = backups)

Inca Hierarchy

Inca was organized in strict hierarchy - Sapa Inca, Four Apus, Royal Governors, Curacas

Sapa Inca

Ultimate Inca, considered descendent of sun god

four Apus

considered Supreme Court, advised Sapa Inca on important matters

Royal Governors

usually, but not always Incas. headed each province, each often encompassed single ethnic group. contained 80 provinces at peak

Curacas

responsible for between 100 and 10,000 households. carried out many tasks vital to running empire

Mita System

Incas didn’t have money, mita system = taxes. required adult men to work for state for certain number of days per year. once married, man becomes head of household, required to perform mita work. only few men called to work at a time

Land Ownership

Inca emperor owned all land, agriculture land in each community was divided into three parts. farmers only kept one portion of the fields, rest went to religious leaders/gov’t

Quipu

helped track information. used strings with knots to record diff kinds of info - births, deaths, # of llamas or alpacas, amount of corn stored in storehouse, amount to gold produced, amount of mita textiles community owned. colored strings represented diff things

Road System

An extensive network of roads built by the Incas connecting their vast empire, facilitating trade, communication, and military movement across rugged terrains.

Inca Religion

practiced religious rituals designed to win favor of the gods, often associated with natural forces such as the sun, water, or weather

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador, contributed to fall of Inca

Conquistador

a conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century

Treaty of Tordesillas

the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America. Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil

Impact of Foreign Diseases

wiped out Inca empire, mainly smallpox disease brought by SPanish colonizers/conquistadors

Spain

one of colonizers of South America, contributed to fall of Inca Empire

Portugal

other colonizer of South America

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer, renamed South Sea - Pacific ocean, tried sailing to South America but died, some of his crew made it

Vasco Nuñez de Balboa

Spanish explorer, led expedition across mountains + jungle of Panama in 1513, found South Sea (Pacific Ocean)

Viceroy

official who rules in place of a king

Cabildos

councils to govern towns and surrounding lands

Mercantilism

belief that purpose of colonies was to enrich parent country

Encomienda System

king of Spain rewarded conquistadors with encomiendas. an encomienda gave Spanish settlers right to demand taxes or labor from people living on land. the settler given the encomienda was supposed to pay the Native Americans for their work, look after their health, and teach them about Christianity

Raw Materials

primarily unprocessed or minimally processed natural commodities

Plantation

a large tract of land operated by the owner or an overseer and farmed by workers who lived on the land

Bartolomé de las Casas

held an encomienda in Cuba, became Dominican friar, begged Spanish king to stop mistreatment of Indias which lead to African slavery (check slavery fact)

Pedro Cabral

Portuguese explorer, landed on east coast of South America, claimed Brazil for Portugal

Haciendas

large plantations, located on best farmland

Slavery

Bartolome de las Casas, suggested instead of Indians that they should use African slaves, and so when colonists in the Americas needed laborers, Europeans sent Africans across the Atlantic

Donatarios

landowner of one of 15 regions, lord of huge area

Diseases

the Europeans learned how to use quinine from the INcas, but Spanish colonizers brought over many diseases including smallpox, measles, and influenza

Sugar

to make the country profitable, the Portuguese started growing sugar

Columbian Exchange

the global exchange of people, goods, and ideas. named after Christopher Columbus

Peninsulares

highest class, gov’t and church leaders sent from Spain, born in Spain–looked down on those born in the colonies

Creoles

ranked below peninsulares, south American-born descendants of Spanish settlers, had the same rights as peninsulares by law

Mestizos

people of mixed Native American and European descent, far below peninsulares and creoles in status

Native Americans

lower than mestizos, some worked as farm hands on haciendas, some lived in their own villages

Free Blacks

people allowed to buy their freedom from slavery, or freed by owners, farm workers and laborers, some became skilled in a trade

Enlightenment

• Intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries, promoted new ideas (individual rights, representative government, social contract, people can rebel against unjust governments

• These ideas challenged the control of European monarchs

• Fueled discontent in South America

Global Revolutions

American Revolution (1765-1783), French Revolution (1789-1799), these revolutions encouraged people in South America to seek independence, and gave examples of how political change could happen

Simon Bolivar

Simon Bolivar was born in 1783 in Caracas, Venezuela, then a Spanish colony. Venezuela’s ruling class came from those born in Spain and from creoles, who were born in the New World to Spanish parents

Bolivar’s vision for Venezuela

free all slaves. “Unity, unity, unity — that must be our motto,” he cried. Unity had to include “absolute freedom for the slaves.” A nation “cannot be simultaneously free and enslaved.”

Antonio Jose de Sucre

Simon Bolivar’s top general

Jose de San Martin

Jose de San Martin was the other great liberator of Spanish South America. He was a creole professional army officer from Argentina and part of the independence movement there

Date of South American Independence

on April 1, 1825, Gen. Sucre defeated the Spanish in the last battle of the liberation wars, ending 300 years of Spanish colonial rule in South America

Length of Spanish Colonization

300 years

Struggles for South America Post-Independence

Find this answer in binderrrrr