Chapter 2
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27 Terms
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space, composed of atoms.
Atom
The basic unit of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Rutherford Scattering Experiment
An early 20th-century experiment that revealed the existence of a central nucleus in atoms.
Proton
A positively charged particle located in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutron
A neutral particle located in the nucleus of an atom.
Electron
A negatively charged particle found in orbitals surrounding the nucleus.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in an atom, which determines the element.
Element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
Atomic Mass
The mass of an atom, calculated as the sum of protons and neutrons.
Ion
A charged particle that can be a cation (positive) or anion (negative).
Cation
A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.
Anion
A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.
Isotope
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Radioactive Isotope
An unstable isotope that emits radiation as it decays.
Half-life
The time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample of a radioactive isotope to decay.
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost energy level that determine an atom's chemical behavior.
Octet Rule
The principle that atoms tend to have eight electrons in their outer shell for stability.
Chemical Bond
The force that holds atoms together in molecules or compounds.
Covalent Bond
A bond formed when atoms share electrons.
Ionic Bond
A bond formed by the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Electronegativity
The tendency of an atom to attract electrons in a bond.
Hydrogen Bond
A weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
Cohesion
The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding.
Adhesion
The attraction between water molecules and other polar molecules.
pH
A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.
Acid
A substance that donates protons (H+) in a solution, lowering pH.
Base
A substance that accepts protons (H+) in a solution, raising pH.