Chem 161 - midterm 1 and final review

how to name type one ionic bonds

name of metal followed by name of nonmetal with -ide suffix

how to name type two ionic bonds

name of metal followed by roman numerals (indicating charge) followed by the name of nonmetal with -ide suffix

how to name type three ionic bonds

name of metal followed by name of polyatomic ion

• add roman numerals for transition metals

mixture

physical combination of substances (no reaction occurs)

• can be separated into original components

• can be homogenous (uniform throughout) or heterogenous (not uniform throughout)

pure substance

made up of one type of matter

• has a fixed composition and properties

• may be elements or compounds

compounds

chemical combination of 2 or more elements in fixed proportions

• formed through a reaction

• can only be broken down chemically

metallic character

decreases from left to right

increases from top to bottom

electronegativity

increases from left to right

decreases from top to bottom

atomic radii

decreases from left to right

increases from top to bottom

ionization energy

the energy required to remove an electron from an atom

• increases from left to right

  decreases from top to bottom

electron affinity

the energy released by an atom when it gains an electron

• increases from left to right

  decreases from top to bottom

opposing trend

occurs when trends between two diagonal elements cancel each other out

hund’s rule

when filling orbitals with the same energy, place one electron in each orbital before pairing them up

Pauli’s exclusion principle

electrons in the same atom cannot have identical values for their quantum numbers

• aka they can’t have the same spin and must alternate

Bohr’s theory

states that electrons exist in orbitals around the nucleus that they move between

• useful to understand how lien spectra are formed and to understand quantum numbers and how many electrons move between orbitals

• fails to work for atoms other than hydrogen and ignores the duality of electrons (exhibit the behavior of particles and waves)

endothermic reaction

requires energy input (energy moves from surroundings into system)

eg: electron excitation

exothermic reaction

release energy from system to surroundings

eg: electron relaxation

isotope

versions of elements with extra neutrons

characteristics of metals

shiny, solid (except mercury), are good electrical conductors, are malleable (can form thin sheets), and inductile (can form wires)

characteristics of nonmetals

not shiny, exist in the gas/solid state, are bad electrical conductors,

characteristics of metalloids

dull appearances, semi-conductors (can conduct heat OR electricity)

law of conservation of mass

in reactions, matter isn’t created or destroyed

period

row, shows number of electron orbitals

group

column, classified based on properties of elements

what is the name of change in state from solid to gas?

deposition

what is the name of change in state from gas to solid?

sublimation

what is the name of the change in state from solid to liquid?

melting or fusion

what is the name of the change in state from liquid to solid?

freezing

what is the name of the change in state from liquid to gas?

vaporization

what is the name of the change in state from gas to liquid?

condensation

critical point

point where everything exists as a gas

triple point

point where all three states exist together

elements

made up of one type of atom, can’t be broken down further chemcially

characteristics of solids

have compact particles with little spacing

• fixed shape and volume

• can’t be compressed

• can’t flow

• have strong IMF

characteristics of liquids

particles a bit spaced out

• fixed volume, takes shape of container

• can’t be compressed

• can flow

• moderate IMF

characteristics of gases

particles very spaced out

• no fixed volume or shape

• can flow

• can be compressed

• weak IMF

physical change

no — in chemical composition, change in physical appearance (color, shape, texture)

eg: cutting veggies, haircut

chemical change

— in chemical compositions, can’t be reversed

eg: cooking food, dying hair

law of definite proportions

any sample of a given compound is made up of the same ratio of elements

law of multiple proportions

when 2 elements (A and B) form two different compounds, the mass of element B that combines with one gram of elements A can be displayed as a ratio of whole numbers.

extensive properties

are depended on the amount of substance use

eg: volume, mass

intensive properties

are not depended on the amount of substance being measured

eg: density

exact values

measurements with an infinite number of sig figs

measured values

based on the precision of the measuring device used in lab

precision

when a series of measured values are close to each other

accuracy

when the measured value is close to the known value

theory

explains the purpose of natural phenomena based on previous hypotheses and observations

law

a statement that summarizes past observation and predicts future ones

hypothesis

a tentative interpretation or explanation based on observations

observations

data or descriptions about the characteristics of nature

half life

the amount of time it takes for a radioactive sample to decay to half its original amount

radioactivity

the release of high energy particles or electromagnetic rays from the nucleus of an atom

• these atoms are unstable

radioactive decay

the process of radioactive nuclei spontaneous recomposing into smaller nuclei

wavelength

the distance between successive peaks

• peak to peak or trough to trough

frequency

the rate of peaks passed in a certain amount of times

• measured in Hertz (1/s)

n

principle quantum number

• shows energy level

• values of 1-4

l

angular quantum number

• orbital type

• can be 0-(n-1)

ml

magnetic quantum number

• values of -l to l, including 0

ms

spin quantum number

• +1/2 or -1/2

covalent bond

sharing of electrons between two atoms

• can be polar or non polar

ionic bond

occurs between a metal and a nonmetal

• one atom gives up electrons and the other receives them

shorter v. longer bonds

— bonds are long and weak

— bonds are shorter and stronger

periodic law

states that elements are organized in the periodic table based on their properties

bond energy

the amount of energy required to break a bond

sigma bond

formed between the direct overlap of two orbitals

• a single bond is made up of one —

• double and triple bonds both have one —

pi bonds

formed between the indirect/sideways overlap of two orbitals

• a double bond has one —

• a triple bond has two —

Arrhenius acid definition

substance that produces H+

Arrhenius base definition

substances that produce OH-