Renal AKI and CKD Lecture Notes

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Renal AKI stages, CKD management, dialysis procedures, and transplant rejection criteria as discussed in the lecture.

Renal AKI

The sudden loss of kidney function which can be reversed if identified early.

Prerenal AKI

Conditions that decrease systemic blood flow to the kidneys before blood reaches them, such as hypotension, hypovolemia, and heart failure.

Intrarenal (intrinsic) AKI

Tissue damage inside the kidney caused by factors such as acute tubular necrosis, toxins, drugs, contrast media, or NSAIDs.

Postrenal AKI

A condition where urine is backed up into the kidney due to obstructions such as BPH, renal calculi, or strictures.

Contrast Media Creatinine Increase

An increase in creatinine to over $25\%$ within $3$ days after a scan involving contrast.

Oliguric Stage (AKI)

The first stage of AKI where the patient is not excreting urine, experiencing oliguria and anuria.

Diuresis Stage (AKI)

The second stage of AKI where the patient empties large volumes of fluid, kidneys start regaining function, and CR/BUN levels decrease.

AKI Metabolic Acidosis Labs

Characterized by low pH, low $CO_2$, and low $HCO_3$.

Daily Weight (in AKI)

A key indicator used to determine if a patient is holding onto fluid.

Fluid Restriction Formula

$24\text{hr urine output} + 500\,ml$ equals the daily allowance.

Major Risk Factors for CKD

Diabetes is the number one risk factor, followed by hypertension.

Azotemia

The build-up of nitrogenous waste in the body.

Uremic Syndrome

A condition seen in CKD stages $4$ and $5$ where azotemia occurs with clinical signs and symptoms present.

Normal GFR Range

A value of $125$ and up, used to assess kidney function quickly.

Microalbuminuria

The presence of protein in the urine, specifically seen in CKD Stage $2$.

Calcitriol

Active Vitamin D given in CKD Stage $4$ to increase calcium absorption.

Phosphate Binders

Medications such as calcium acetate (PhosLo) or calcium carbonate (Os Cal) that increase calcium while lowering phosphorus.

Sevelamer

A medication used mostly in dialysis patients that decreases phosphorus only without affecting calcium levels.

Dialysis Lab Indications

Persistent high potassium $>6.5$ or uncompensated metabolic acidosis $<7.2$.

Hemodialysis Dialysate

A mix of electrolytes and water where water moves by osmosis and waste moves by diffusion.

AV Fistula

Permanent vascular access created by the surgical anastomosis of an artery and a vein.

Disequilibrium Syndrome

A dialysis complication resulting from a rapid reduction in electrolytes.

Bruit

The swishing sound assessed at an AV access site.

Thrill

The vibrating pulsation assessed at an AV access site.

Peritonitis

A complication of peritoneal dialysis characterized by cloudy dialysate, fever, abdominal tenderness, and pain.

Hyperacute Rejection

Rejection that requires immediate removal of the organ because the patient and donor antigens are completely unmatched.

Acute Rejection

The most common transplant rejection occurring within days to $3$ months; treated with increased corticosteroids.

Basiliximab

A monoclonal antibody used as an anti-rejection therapy.

Tacrolimus

A maintenance immunotherapy agent that acts as a calcineurin inhibitor.