FINAL Rel midterm, pt 2 voc words

Judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people.

Abraham

Founder of Judaism

Covenant

A solemn agreement between human beings or between God and a human being in which mutual commitments are made.

YHWH

I am who I am

Circumcision

Removal of foreskin

Moses

Led the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt; received the 10 commandments

Exodus

Israelite liberation from Egyptian slavery guided by Moses

Decalogue

Ten Commandments

Pesach/Passover

Festival in remembrance of the Jewish exodus from Egypt that is celebrated in spring

Shavuot/Pentecost

Celebrates when Torah was given to Moses at Mt. Sinai, when the Covenant was established

Sukkot/Booths

fall harvest festival, re-enacts the Exodus from Egypt

Rosh Hashanah

Jewish New Year

Yom Kippur

Jewish Day of Atonement

Sabbath

a holy day for rest and worship

Kashrut

Jewish dietary laws

Kosher

The term used for food allowed under Jewish dietary laws

Judah

A Hebrew kingdom in Palestine, established around 922 B.C.

Judea

Area where most Jews lived that was conquered by the Romans by 63 BC

Jerusalem Temple

First built by King Solomon. Destroyed by the Babylonian Empire

Ark of the Covenant

A sacred chest that housed the tablets of the Ten Commandments. It was placed within the sanctuary where God would come and dwell.

Torah

First five books of the Hebrew Bible

TaNaKh

the Jewish scriptures which consist of three divisions--the Torah and the Prophets and the Writings

Mishnah

Written down in about AD 200; contains collected teachings of the rabbis of the preceding four centuries; along with the Talmud, is the most important text of the oral Torah.

Talmud

collection of Jewish law and tradition

Shoah

Hebrew word for Holocaust

Orthodox

The Torah is divinely revealed, and Jewish law is eternally binding; tradition cannot be altered

Conservative

Middle path, holds that Jewis law is binding but evolves, tradition should be preserved but can adapt

Jesus Christ

A teacher and prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of Christianity. Christians believe Jesus to be Son of God.

Christ, Messiah

A title meaning 'anointed one'. Jesus is a spiritual leader sent by God

Old Testament

The forty-six books that make up the first part of the Bible and record salvation history before the coming of the Savior, Jesus Christ.

New Testament

The second part of the Christian Bible, containing descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus and of his early followers

gospel

The "Good News," the story of the coming of the Savior, Jesus Christ, and the inauguration of God's Kingdom.

Gospels

Four books in the New Testament that tell the story of Christ's life and teachings

Synoptic Gospels

From the Greek for "seeing the whole together," the name given to the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke, because they are similar in style and content.

Epistles

letters found in the New Testament to the early Christian communities about God's Revelation in Jesus Christ

Paul the apostle

The Christian name for Saul who had been a persecutor of Christians before conversion., Was responsible for the spread of Christian theology & the resulting response from the Roman Empire.

Grace (charis)

Unmerited or undeserved kindness; a friendly disposition expressed in an act of good will.

Justification

the process by which God frees us from sin and sanctifies us

Pistis

faith

Sanctification

Process of being made holy. This begins with Baptism, continues throughout the life of the Christian, and is completed when a person enters heaven and becomes totally and irrevocably united with God in the beatific vision.

Peter

A.D. 5-67 One of the 12 apostles of Jesus; Roman Catholics consider him to be the first pope, bishop of Rome

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran.

Tawhid

Oneness of Allah

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

"Seal of the Prophets"

a title for the Prophet Muhammad in the Qur'an (33:40), overwhelmingly interpreted to mean he is the final messenger sent by God, concluding the line of prophetic revelation

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Shi'a

originating from followers of Ali ibn Abi Talib, whom they believe was divinely designated by Prophet Muhammad to succeed him.

Sufi

The branch of Islam that believes in a more mystical connection with Allah.

Salafi

Sunni movement promoting strict practice of Islam

Wahhabi

Modern Sunni radical movement begun by Muhammad al-Wahhab

Shirk

to avoid or get out of doing work

Sikhism

the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Guru

a religious leader and spiritual teacher

Sri Guru Granth Sahib

living guru holy text of Sikhism and is the authority on important matters

Khalsa

"Pure ones." An order within Sikhism to which most Sikhs belong, founded by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699

Khalistan

The name of a proposed Sikh state hoped for by some Punjabi Sikhs

Punjab

state in northwestern India with a largely Sikh population

Hukam

the divine order of the universe

Reform

to bring back to rightness, order, or morality

Reconstructionist

teaches Jews that Judaism is an evolving (ever changing) civilization

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Mitzvah/Mitzvot

commandments

Bar/Bat Mitzvah

the ritual celebration marking the coming of age of a Jewish child, at which time the person takes on the religious responsibilities of an adult

Shema

a prayer from the Book of Deuteronomy reminding the Jewish people to love God with all their heart, soul, and strength

phylacteries

small boxes containing scripture; worn by some Jewish men for daily prayer

Hasidic Judaism

Orthodox branch of Jewish religion; devout adherence to and observation of the faith, with emphasis on mystical dimension.

rabbi

A highly respected teacher of Jewish law or theology

Marcion

A second-century Christian scholar and evangelist, later labeled a heretic for his docetic Christology and his belief in two Gods-- the harsh legalistic God of the Jews and the merciful loving God of Jesus

Festal Letter of Athanasius

*367 CE

*Issued Easter letter listing the 4 Gospels.

Apostolic Succession

The uninterrupted passing on of apostolic preaching and authority from the Apostles directly to all bishops.

Pope

Head of the Roman Catholic Church

Augustine

(Roman Catholic Church) one of the great fathers of the early Christian church

Pelagius

A fifth-century monk who taught that every person has the ability to obey God's commands and can take the first and most important steps toward salvation on his or her own

Great Schism

the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054

Eastern Orthodoxy

Church established in the Byzantine Empire after the split from the Roman Catholic Church; Greek & Russian Orthodox Churches descend from this

Roman Catholicism

A branch of Christianity that developed in the western Roman Empire and that recognized the Pope as its supreme head

Protestantism

a form of Christianity that was in opposition to the Catholic Church

Evangelicalism

Style of Christian ministry that includes much zeal and enthusiasm. Emphasizes personal conversion and faith rather than religious ritual

Pentecostal/

A family of Protestant Christian churches that emphasize a "second baptism" of the holy spirit, speaking in tongues, faith healing, and intense emotionalism in worship.

Charismatic

a global renewal movement emphasizing the active, supernatural presence of the Holy Spirit in a believer's daily life, focusing on spiritual gifts like speaking in tongues, prophecy, and divine healing

Progressive Islam

A more liberal interpretation of Islam. Accepting of some Westernization and modern society and culture. Favors democracy, open society, secular state, pluralism, etc.

Hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.

Sunnah

the example that Muhammad set for Muslims about how to live

Shariah

Islamic code of law

Fiqh

Jurisprudence, or the theoretical principles underpinning the specific regulations contained in the shari'ah

Fatwah

a legal opinion or ruling issued by an Islamic scholar

Khadija

First wife of muhammad and first to convert to Islam.

Gabriel

According to Muslims, was an angel who told Muhammed he was a messenger of Allah.

Pharisees

A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strict adherence to the Law.

Sadducees

A Jewish sect at the time of Jesus known for its strong commitment to the Temple in Jerusalem.

Essenes

A group of Jews that withdrew from the world into the desert in order to live a life of prayer and asceticism. Their name means " the pious ones" or " the healers."

Eschatology

study of the end times

Apocalypticism

A worldview held by many ancient Jews and Christians that maintained that the present age is controlled by forces of evil, but that these will be destroyed at the end of time when God intervenes in history to bring in his kingdom, an event thought to be imminent.

creed

A statement of belief

heresy

the crime of holding a belief that goes against established doctrine

Nicene Creed

The formal statement or profession of faith commonly recited during the Eucharist.

indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Luther

The founder of Protestantism whose religion, based on 95 Theses, rejected Catholic orthodoxy, the sale of indulgences, and papal authority.