Digestive System

What biomolecules would yield the highest amount of energy/first to be stored by humans?

Fats, glycogen

Ingestion

Eating, taking food into the body

Propulsion

Forward movement of food and waste through gastrointestinal tract, driven by muscular contractions

Digestion

Large molecules going into small molecules

Absorption

Passage of digested food to the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to body cells

Excretion

Final stage of food processing, body eliminates undigested waste

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Chemical breakdown of complex food molecules into smaller units by adding water and specific digestive enzymes. This allows the body to turn nutrients into energy and build new tissues.

Peristalsis

The automatic, wave-like contraction of smooth muscles that move food and liquid through digestive tract.

Peristalsis location

Happens in the entire digestive tract (starts in pharynx and ends in large intestine until food eliminates)

Where do carbohydrates first begin in their chemical digestion?

The mouth

Where do proteins first begin in their chemical digestion?

The stomach

Where do nucleic acids first begin in their chemical digestion?

The stomach

Where do lipids first begin in their chemical digestion?

The mouth

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids

Approx. pH value of buccal cavity

6.2-7.6

Approx. pH value of stomach

1.5-3.5

Approx. pH value of small intestine

6-7.5

Examples of monomers

Amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids

Examples of polymers

Proteins, starches, and fats

Do monomers or polymers get absorbed into the blood stream?

Monomers (but polymers get broken down into monomers during digestion)

How does constipation and diarrhea occur?

By too much fluid (water) absorption and altered gastrointestinal mobility

What causes stomach ulcers?

When stomach acid eats through your protective stomach lining, producing an open sore

What are molars the best at doing?

Grinding, crushing, and chewing food into smaller pieces for easier swallowing and digestion

What are you at risk of developing because of obesity?

Serious chronic diseases (type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high BP, strokes, and different types of cancer)

What organ/gland makes trypsin?

Pancreas

What organ/gland makes salivary amylase?

Salivary glands

What organ/gland makes nucleases?

Pancreas

What organ/gland makes pepsin?

Stomach

What organ/gland makes bile?

Liver

What organ/gland makes pancreatic lipase?

Pancreas

What biomolecule works on trypsin?

Proteins

What biomolecule works on salivary amylase?

Carbohydrates

What biomolecule works on nucleases?

Nucleic acids

What biomolecule works on pepsin?

Proteins

What biomolecule works on bile?

Lipids/fats

What biomolecule works on pancreatic lipase?

Lipids/fats

What biomolecule works on pancreatic amylase?

Carbohydrates

What organ/gland makes pancreatic amylase?

Pancreas

Some factors that can affect mircrobiome?

Environment, C Section babies, and medicine

Microbiome is crucial for…

Digestive health

What are fibers important for?

Your gut

Where babies get microbes from?

During birth when they go through birth canal or from breastmilk

What does microbiome help regulate?

Our metabolism