Lab 1 & 2: Phylogeny & Bacteria and Archaea

two mechanisms in which bacteria and archaea acquire new genetic variation

mutation followed by vertical transmission (binary fission) and lateral gene transfer

how are bacteria and archaea able to pass genes through lateral gene transfer?

laterally between cells using conjugation, transformation, and transduction

does lateral gene transfer also occur in eukaryotes?

yes, but not frequently

what does archaea have that bacteria and eukarya don’t have?

ether-linked plasma membrane lipids

is mitosis present in bacteria and archaea?

no

sister group of eukaryotes

a subset of Archaea: Asgard

sphere shaped bacteria or archaea

coccus

rod-shaped bacteria or archaea

bacillus

elongate shaped bacteria/archaea

helical or spiral

energy captured from light vs chemical reactions: suffix

photo- vs chemo-

electron donor: inorganic (H2S) vs organic (CH4)

litho- vs organo-

carbon source: inorganic (CO2) vs organic (C, H, O, sugars)

auto- vs hetero-

genes of chromosomes required for essential cell functions

housekeeping genes

vertical transmission

the passing of genes from parent cells to descendants

define lateral gene transfer

DNA moves from one organism to another— unidirectional

LGT vs sexual recombination: genome and distance

LGT involves small portions of genome and occurs across vast evolutionary distances

transformation (LGT)

DNA is found in the environment (e.g. came from a cell that died/lysed) and moved into an intact cell

conjugation (LGT)

occurs between distantly related cells and does not result in offspring— transfer of plasmid: can allow organism to be an effective pathogen, resist antibiotics, or create products

transduction

incorporation of new genetic material into a host through the action of viral particles (allows genetic material to move over large evolutionary distances

parsimony-informative

two taxa share a state exclusively

parsimony-uninformative

characters give same number of steps regardless of the tree

invariant characters

characters are uniform across taxa— uninformative