TEAS STUDY!!!BIOLOGY

Define macromolecules

Large molecules made up of smaller units

What are the smaller units of macromolecules

Monomers or polymers

Definition of monomers

(Mono =1) Individual units that are used to build LARGER molecules

Define polymer

Long change of repeating units (monomers)

How are polymers made

Monomers joining together thru chemical reactions

What are the processes in the formation/breakdown of polymers

dehydration synthesis

Hydrolisis

Define dehydration synthesis

Synthesis=coming together

Dehydration= loss of water

Hydroxyl group combines with a hydrogen atom and forms covalent bond. Every covalent bond form releases a water molecule = forms a polymer

define hydrolysis

Polymer breaks down into individual monomers by ADDING a water molecule

What are the important macromolecules

Lipids

Nucleic acids

Carbs

Proteins

What is another word for carb

Sugars

What elements do carbs consist of

CARBON, hydrogen, oxygen

What are the monomer carbs called

Monosaccharides

In carbs, How do you form large molecules

Monosaccharides coming together thru dehydration synthesis

For carbs, What are the large molecules called

disaccharides (2 sugar molecules)

Polysaccharides ( many sugar)

Molecular formula for carbs

CnH2nOn

What are the different polysaccharides

Cellulose

Glycogen

Amylose

Amylopectin

what process does glycogen go

Through to be formed

Glycogenesis ( a type of dehydration stnthesis$ )

Where is glycogen stored in animals

Liver

When energy is needed, what happens to glucose

Hydrolyzed (broken down by the addition of water)

In plants, carbs are stored in the form of what

Starch

What kind of large molecule is starch

Polysaccharide

Where are polysaccharides stored in plants

Roots

Tubers

Seeds

Fruits

What is the name of the carbs used in a plant’s cell wall

Cellulose

What are the different kinds of lipids

fats

Oils

waxes

Steroids

Phospholipids

What is the monomer of a lipid

Glycerol bonded to fatty acid

What do lipids consist of

Fatty acid and glycerol

Hydrophobic or hydrophilic: lipids

Hydrophobic

(Don’t dissolve in water)

Function of lipids

Energy storage

Insulation

Protecting organs

Define saturated fat

Only single bonds between carbon atoms and have straight fatty acid chains. Stay in solid form

Define unsaturated fats

1 or more double bonds between carbon atoms

• BENT fatty acid chains

What is the major component of cell membrane

Phospholipid

Which part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Head hydrophilic

Tail Hydrophobic

What are the monomers of proteins

Amino acids

What is the basic structure of amino acid

Hydrogen atom

Amino group

Carboxyl group

R group

Function of protein

Could act as enzymes

Antibodies

Transport molecules

What is a globular protein

Type of protein that is water soluble

Types of proteins

Globular proteins

Fibrous proteins

Enzymes

Function of globular protein

Enzyme catalyst

Transport

Signaling

What is an example of a globular protein

Hemoglobin

Function of hemoglobin

Globular protein that carries oxygen in rbcs

Function of fibrous proteins

Provides structural support in strength

What is a type of fibrous protein

Collagen found in connective tissue

Where is collagen found

In the CT

Function of collagen

Maintain structural integrity of connective tissue

What protein lowers activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur And could make reaction go faster ?

Enzymes

What are the monomers of nucleic acids

Nucleotides

What do nucleotides consist of

a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Nucleotides are ____ made up of

Polymer

• carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

• phosphorus

Function of nucleic acids

Storing and transmitting genetic info

Two main types of nucleic acids

DNA

RNA

Characteristics of dna

Double stranded helix

Nucleotides of dna are made up of DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

Function of DNA

Stores genetic info

Makes up the genes that tell our cells which proteins to make

Characteristic of rna

Single stand of nucleotide

Made up of ribose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group

Difference between dna and rna

DNA: two stranded helix

RNA: single strand of nucleotides

What are the three types of rna

mRNA

tRNA

rRna

what is the nitrogenous base of DNA

Adenine

Cytosine

Guanine

Thymine

What is the nitrogenous base of rna

Adenine

Cytosine

Guanine

Uracil

function of mrna

Brings genetic material to ribosomes

Function of trna

Transfers specific amino acids to ribosomes

Function of rrna

Forms core of ribosome to initiate protein synthesis

Everything living thing is made up of ___

Cells

What are the three main parts to a cell

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

What is the cell membrane

Outer layer of the cell

Thin,flexible layer of lipids and proteins

Function of cell membrane

CONTROLS what goes in and out of cell

What is the arrow pointing at

Cell membrane

What is the cytoplasm

Gel substance that fills the cell

Consists of water, salts, other molecules

WHERE YOU FIND THE ORGANELLES

Function of cytoplasm

Site of cellular metabolic processes like cellular respiration

What is the yellow part called of the cell

Cytoplasm

function of nucleus

Contains all genetic info of cell aka dna

What does the nucleus contain

Nuclear envelope

What is the double membrane in the nucleus called

Nuclear envelope

Characteristic of nuclear envelope in nucleus

Has double membrane

where are the organelles located in the cell

Cytoplasm

What are the organelles in the cell

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosome

Cytoskeleton

Function of mitochondria

Produces energy in and for the cell

Characteristics of mitochondria

Has their own dna

Reproduce by themselves

Synthesize own proteins

the mitochondria forms energy in the form of what

ATP through cellular respiration

What is the inner membrane of the mitochondria folded into

Cristae

What is the space in between the two membranes of the mitochondria called

Intermembrane space

What is the space within the inner membrane of the mitochondria called

Matrix

What are some structures in the mitochondria called

cristae

Intermembrane space

Matrix

Where does chemiosmosis occur in the mitochondria

Matrix

what happens during chemiosmosis

Hydrogen ions are pumped across inner membrane which creates a proton gradient

Proton gradient is used by the enzyme atp synthase to generate atp

What enzyme utilizes the proton gradient to generate atp

ATP synthase

What is apoptosis

Cell death

Wha happens during apoptosis

When cell receives a signal mitochondria release proteins called cytochrome C to cause cell death

which organelle is involved in programmed cell death

Mitochondria

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

Transport proteins and molecules

Function of Golgi apparatus

Process and packages proteins to transport out of cell

What are the enzymes in lysosomes called

Hydrolase

Function of hydrolases

Break down complex molecules into smaller parts for digestion

define autophagy

Cell recylcling

Function of lysosome

Breakdown waste and other cellular trash

Function of cytoskeleton

Provide shape and support