BIOL 319 - Lab Practical 2

3 muscle types

smooth, skeletal, and muscle

what are the 3 prefixes for muscle

sarco-, myo-, mys-

what percentage of cell mass does the skeletal muscle make up?

40%

largest to smallest

muscle --> fascile --> myofiber --> myofibril ---> myofilament

what does the epimysium cover?

muscle

what does the perimysium cover

fascicle

what does the endomysium cover

myofiber

muscle function as a consequence of stroker damaging

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neuron in the brain = upper motor neuron leisons

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is skeletal muscle voluntary, involuntary, etc.?

is consciously controlled and therefore voluntary

all muscle cell membranes have an electrical charge differential (which can be changed to produce an intracellular repsonse

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excitabilty

produce an intracellular repsonse

contractability

ability to shorten when stimulated

extensibilty

the ability of muscle tissue to be stretched or extended

elasticity

ability to recoil to resting length

tendon

muscle to bone

mostly collagen and are rope-like extensions of a muscle connective tissue

aponeurosis

tendon similar sheet-like extension

muscle contain a lot of myoglobin, stores O2, and glycosomes

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sacreomeres are the SMALLEST "ATOMIC" contractile units of skelteal muscle

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troponin has 3 polypeptides

one binds to actine

one binds to tropomysoin

one binds to Ca++

eacg myofibrils surrounded by interconnecting sarcoplasmic reticulum

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what number is treshhold at

-55 in manual

what is the refractory period

while repol, a cell cannot be stimulated until it is suffiecently negative

when Ca levels go down, inhibition of the muscle, effects tropomysoin restored and = muscle relaxation

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muscle tension

force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object

load

opposing force applied on the muscle by the mass of the object being moved

motor neuron + indiviudal muscle fibers = motor unit

SPECFIC MOTOR UNIT =

ONLY ONE NEURON

somatic (voluntary) motor neurons activate skeletal muscle

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cell bodies of neurons are located where?

brain/spinal cord

space between end of axon and muscle fiber?

synaptic cleft

synaptic cleft is filled with?

extracellular fluid containing collagen fibers and glycoproteins

acetylcholineesterase in synaptic cleft breaks what down

ach to acetic acid and choline

contraction

activation of actin and myosin

isotonic

body part moved, muscle fiber shortened or lengthen (no tension, high length)

isometric

muscle contracts but joints dont move, muscle fiber maintain length (high tension, no length)

what is a muscle twitch

motor units response to AP

3 parts to twitch

latent period, period of contraction, period of relaxation

greater load applied to muscle = longer latent period

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Ca + levels go down = ther period of relaxation begin

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what is henneman's size principle?

CNA signals small motor units to be recruited 1st followed by bigger nad bigger units until all motor units are recruited

know the waves

twitch, wave summation, unfused, and fused

in muscle fatigue, how is ATP generated

1. creatine phosphate

2. anaerobic glycolysis

3. aerobic respiration

what is a learned reflex

A reflex you acquire over repeated practice (drivinf)

what is an inborn reflex

a rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to a stimulus (breathing, maintain posture)

where are many of the inborn reflexes generated

spinal cord + brain stem

tap on tendon under knee, jerks (myotatic) reflex

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monosynaptic reflex

a single synapes between a motor and sensory neuron

polysynaptic reflex

integration center will include a few syanpse + interneuron

tendon + organ + muscle spindels = propioceptros (supply info to the CNS)

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all stretch reflex are ipsilateral and monosynaptic in the contracting potion

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superficial reflexes are stimilated by gentle stroking of the chin, what does it test

spinal cord level reflex arc and upper-motor pathway

what is plantar reflex

running a blunt object on the foot and if the toes flex then its text the function of the corticospianl tract and L4 to S2

what is abdominal reflex

strok skin on abodomen adn if they contract then spincal cord intrgity from T8 - T12 is good

average reaction time for college age indiviudals for light

190

average reaction time for college age indiviudals for sound

150

what does the epineurium cover

nerve wrapped in outer covering

what does the perineurium cover

seperates axon into bunle called fascilees

what does the endoneurium cover

surrounds axon + isolates from neighboirng axons

what are the cell types in the nervous system

nuerons and gilal cells

what are nerons

communication cells

what are glial cell

protect + miantian nerve tissues (in CNA, invovled in production + circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

CNS glial

astrocytes

miscroglia

ependymal

ogliodendrocytes

PNA glial

satellite and schwann cells

astrocyte

most abundant and exchange bewteen cap and neurons

microgilia

montior nearby touching neurons

ependymal

ciruculate CSF. line central cavities of brain + spinal cord

ogliodendrocytes

produce myelin sheath and line up alon thicker neuron fiber

satellite

surround neuron cell bododies, asame function as astrocyte

schwann cells

surrounf and form myelin sheaths arounf nerve fiber

regeneration of damdged peripheral nerve fiber

neurons consists of what 3 parts

dendrites, cell body, and axon

cluster of somas CNS is called

nuceli

cluster of somas PNS is called

ganglia

myelin protect and electrically insulates fibers and increates speed of transmission

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myelin sheath is assoicated only with axons and dendtries are always unmyeliated

where is AP generated?

nodes of Ranvier

cerebrum is the largest part of the brian

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cerebrum is not equal in fucntion and is divided by the longitudal fissure

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hemispheres are coveres in folded cerebral cortex of grat matter where neurons are not myelinated

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fold in cerebral cortex is called

gyrus

shallw groove is called

sulcus

hemispheres are connected by waht

corpus callosum

many of the multipolar nuerons of the cortex are classifeied as pyrimidal cells due to the triangular or pyrimidal shape of body

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the five layers of the cerbral cortex

1. molecular

2. outer granular

3. outer pyrimidal

4. inner granular

5. inner pyrimidal +polymorphic

what makes up the dicencephalon

thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus

what does the hypothaltmus do

autonomic control center, center for emotinal repsone, body temp, regulation of food intake, a regulation of water balancee + thirst, sleep-wake and endocrine ssytem functioning

where is the pineal gland located and what does it secrete

epithalamus and melatonin

what does cerebellum help with

posture and balance

learned muscle patterns (playing piano) are stored where

cerebellum

cerebellum function in coordination of complex movements

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gray matter has 3 layers

1. moleculer layer

2. intermeidate later

3.granular layer

what kind of cells are in the molecular layer

basket and stellate

what kind of cells are in the intermediate layer

prukinje

what kind of cells are in the granular layer

granular

what makes up the brain stem

medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

what is the midbrain associated with

inhibiting muscle movements and dopamine signals here to ease that inhibtion to sllow for smoohte movements

meduall oblongata has some control over what system?

cardiovascular and respiratory

nerve 1 name, compostion, and function

1 olfactory, sensory and smell

name, compostion, and function of nerve 2

optic, sensory, and vision

name, compostion, and function of nerve 3

oculomotor. motor, and eye mover