ap psych review

What is psychology?

Psychology is the scientific study of thought and behavior.

What are the five main approaches to psychology?

1. Biological 2. Behavioral 3. Cognitive 4. Humanistic 5. Psychodynamic

What is the difference between reliability and validity in research studies?

Reliability refers to the accuracy of the measurement, while validity determines if the study measures what it claims.

What is a correlational study?

A correlational study expresses the relationship between two variables and does not imply causation.

What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?

The independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, while the dependent variable is measured to see if it is affected.

What are the types of measures used for central tendency?

1. Mean: arithmetic average 2. Median: middle data point 3. Mode: most frequent data point

What are the three parts of a neuron?

1. Soma: cell body 2. Dendrite: receives messages 3. Axon: sends messages to other neurons

What is the function of the thalamus?

The thalamus incorporates and relays sensory information to the cortex.

What is the role of neurotransmitters?

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that stimulate neurons to communicate.

What are the levels of consciousness?

1. Conscious 2. Preconscious 3. Subconscious 4. Nonconscious 5. Unconscious

What is classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves creating involuntary responses to stimuli through association between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.

What are the characteristics of the five-factor model of personality?

The five-factor model includes extroversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

What are the three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg?

Analytic, practical, and experiential.

What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral development?

1. Preconventional 2. Conventional 3. Post-conventional.

What is the importance of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Maslow's hierarchy categorizes human needs, with physiological needs at the base and self-actualization at the top.

What happens during REM sleep?

During REM sleep, vivid dreams occur, and the body is paralyzed, important for memory consolidation.

What is the concept of operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning is learning based on the association of consequences to behaviors, where reinforcers increase the likelihood of a behavior.

What are the types of attachment identified by Ainsworth?

1. Secure attachment 2. Resistant attachment 3. Avoidant attachment.

What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?

Explicit memory is for general meanings and information, while implicit memory refers to skills and motor patterns.

What does the Stroop effect demonstrate?

The Stroop effect demonstrates that automatic processes can interfere with other cognitive tasks.